Beowulf Good VS Eviel essays

Beowulf Good VS Eviel essays The Story of Beowulf is a classic epic poem that contains the forces of good and evil against each other. In this story evil is in the form of a horrible monster known as Grendel. Grendel is a very powerful monster who is attacking the people of Denmark. The mighty warrior known as Beowulf represents the forces of Good. He hears of what Grendel is doing to the Danes and quickly comes to the rescue. In the opening part of the story we learn what a horrible monster Grendel is. His thoughts were as quick as his greed or his claws: He slipped through the door and there in silence snatched up thirty men and smashed them (35-39). These lines show Grandes heart of stone and thats he is evil by killing whatever he wants. Grendel slips through the shadows of night and continues killing the Danes every night, represent the sneakiness of his evil. Beowulf, the brave soldier lives far away from Denmark. The poem displays him to be good when he learns of the monster Grendel and comes to the rescue. In his far-off home Beowulf, Higlacs follower and the strongest of the geats heard how Grendel filled the nights with horror and quickly commanded a boat to be outfitted (90-94). Thus showing how good at heart Beowulf is by protecting others from evil. When Beowulf arrives at Denmark his reputation proves he has come to help and he and his men are quickly taken into Denmark and Cared for. The Danes explain to Beowulf of the monster and pray he can help them. They agree to watch over his boat for him. Grendel comes one night to find Beowulf and kill him. He kills the first geat he comes to and then awakens Beowulf. Beowulfs strength overpowers that of Grendel and Beowulf mortally wounds the Monster. Grendel then flies to Die in his Den, and Beowulf has defeated the evil monster. In this poem good triumphs over evil. Beowulf being brave and good at heart comes to destroy the evil...

Disadvantages vs. Advantages of Global Warming

Disadvantages vs. Advantages of Global Warming The United Nations has been studying climate change and working to combat its effects since the first Earth Summit in 1992.  The UN Intergovernmental panels fifth report, published in late 2014, reiterates that  global warming- more precisely called climate change- is happening and will likely not abate for centuries. The report also states with 95 percent certainty that the activity of humans has been the primary cause of increasing temperatures over the previous few decades, up from 90 percent in a previous report. Weve heard the dire warnings- even if we have yet to heed them- but could there possibly be any advantages to climate change, and if so, could these upsides possibly outweigh the downsides? The short answer is no. Heres why. Advantages of Global Warming? Its a Bit of a Stretch The so-called advantages of climate are out there- if youre really looking but do they compensate for the disruption and destruction wrought by the disadvantages? Again, the answer is no but for die-hard fans of the global warming trend, advantages might include the following suspect scenarios: The  Arctic, Antarctic, Siberia, and other frozen regions of the earth might experience more plant growth and milder climates.The next ice age could possibly be prevented.The  Northwest Passage through the formerly icy Canadian Arctic Archipelago could arguably open up to transportation.Fewer deaths or injuries would occur due to arctic conditions.Longer growing seasons could mean increased agricultural production in some areas. Disadvantages: Ocean Warming, Extreme Weather For every minutely possible advantage to climate change, there is a much more profound and compelling disadvantage. Why? Since the oceans and weather are highly interconnected and the water cycle has an impact on weather patterns (think air saturation, precipitation levels, and the like), what affects the ocean affects weather. For instance: Changes in ocean circulation and the resulting warmer temperatures disrupt the worlds normal weather patterns, bringing about more extreme weather and an increased frequency of severe and  catastrophic storms, such as hurricanes and typhoons. The increase in severe storms leads to a more frequent occurrence of such things as hundred-year floods, decimation of habitats and property, not to mention, loss of life- human and otherwise.  Ã‚  Higher sea levels  lead to flooding of lowlands. Islands and coastlines are engulfed by water leading to death and disease due to flooding.The acidification of warming oceans leads to a loss of coral reefs. Coral reefs protect shorelines from heavy waves, storms, and floods and while they only cover about 1 percent of the ocean floor, reefs provide a habitat for 25 percent of the oceans species. Demolished reefs lead to increased erosion and coastal property damage and the extinction of species.Warming ocean waters means increased melting of gla ciers and ice sheets. Smaller ice sheets form each subsequent winter, which has a devastating impact on the habitat of cold-climate animals and the Earths reserves of freshwater. (According to the United States Geography Survey [USGS], 69 percent of the Earths ice is locked in ice and glaciers.)   Less sea ice, warmer water, and increased acidity are catastrophic for krill which forms the base of the oceans food web and feeds whales, seals, fish, and penguins. The plight of polar bears due to the loss of Arctic ice is well documented, but at the other end of the globe, in 2017 as a result of local climate change, in a colony of  40,000 Antarctic Adà ©lie penguins, only two chicks survived. (In 2013, in the wake of a similar event, none survived.) Emperor penguin colonies are also expected to decline due to loss of sea ice and rising temperatures. Disadvantages: Land Desertification As weather patterns are disrupted and droughts intensify in duration and frequency, agricultural sectors are particularly hard hit. Crops and grasslands cant thrive due to lack of water. With crops unavailable,  cattle, sheep, and other livestock dont get fed and die. Marginal lands are no longer useful. Farmers who find themselves unable to work the land lose their livelihoods. In addition:   Deserts become  drier, leading to increased desertification, resulting in border conflicts in already water-scarce areas.Decreased agricultural production leads to food shortages.Starvation, malnutrition, and increased deaths result from food and crop shortages. Disadvantages: Health, Social, and Economic Impact In addition to climate change affecting weather patterns and food production, which in turn have a negative impact on the future of human race as well as the planet, climate change can also put the hurt on peoples pocketbooks, the economy of an area on a larger scale, and health in general:   Insect-borne diseases increase. For example, if insects dont die off in an area because it no longer reaches the cold temperatures it once did, diseases those insects may carry- such Lyme disease- can proliferate more easily.People from poorer, drier, hotter, or low-lying countries may attempt to emigrate to wealthier or higher-elevation locales  seeking better (or at least nondeadly) conditions, causing tension among the existing population.As climates warm overall, people  use more energy resources for cooling needs, which will lead to a rise in air pollution  and deaths from increasingly hot weather conditions that cannot be mitigated.Allergy and asthma rates go up due to pollution exacerbated by the earlier and longer blooming of plants.Cultural or  heritage sites  are  destroyed due to increased extremes and acid rain. Disadvantages: Nature Out of Balance The environment around us is affected by climate change in a multitude of ways. The component parts of any ecosystem normally must maintain a delicate balance but climate change is throwing nature is out of whack- in some places more than others. Effects include:   Increase in the number of species of animals and plants heading toward extinction.Loss of animal and plant habitats causes animals to move into other territories, disrupting ecosystems that are already established.Because the behaviors of many plants, insects, and animals are dependent on temperature, a change in climate can cause an imbalance in the ecosystem itself. For example,  say the availability of food for a particular insect no longer coincides with the time when the offspring of the natural predator for that insect is born. Uncontrolled by predation, the insect population booms, resulting in an overabundance of that pest. This, in turn, leads to increased stress on the foliage the insects eat, which ultimately results in a loss of food for larger animals in the food chain that also depend on those plants for sustenance.Pests such as viruses, fungi, or parasites that usually perish at a certain low temperature no longer die off, which may lead to an increase in disease amo ng plants, animals, and humans.  Ã‚   Melting of permafrost leads to flooding and greatly increases the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere which only serves to exacerbate climate change. In addition, ancient viruses long held in stasis by the permafrost are allowed to escape into  the environment.  Rainfall increases in acidity.Earlier seasonal drying of forests leads to forest fires of increased frequency, size, and intensity. Loss of plants and trees on hillsides leaves them more vulnerable to erosion and landslides and may lead to an increased probability of property damage and loss of life.

Interventional MR systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Interventional MR systems - Assignment Example The most critical challenges in using this technique have thus been discussed followed by a conclusion. Keywords: Interventional MR, iMRI, intraoperative MRI, MRI, Magnetic Resonance, Operating Room, imaging Table of Contents: Introduction 3 Definition and Classification 3 Classification 5 Safety Considerations 7 Advancements 8 Improved MR scanner 8 Interventional pulse sequencing and adaptive imaging 9 MR compatible instruments, tracking and visualisation 9 Augmented reality introduced in surgical system 11 Challenges 12 Conclusion 14 References 15 Introduction Magnetic resonance or MR techniques are extensively used in the medical world for imaging purpose. Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI is reliable, precise and detailed. Also, advanced MRI implementation can culminate at three dimensional or 3D view of a patient’s tissue system. Previous to the development of interventional MRI or iMRI, most of the existing medical imaging technologies were primarily used for the purpose of diagnostic processes. But MRI proves to be more reliable than even the most advanced technologies like computerised tomography or CT scan (Blanco Sequeiros et al 2005). Therefore, experts are now considering expanded intraoperative usage of MR technologies, and iMRI has become a prime area of research in this field. In this paper, iMRI is defined and classified in a detailed manner. Next, safety considerations are discussed. After that, important advancements in the field of iMRI are discussed. Contextually, challenges in the way of optimizing iMRI are detailed. The paper ends in a concise conclusion. The overall discussions in this paper are focussed on iMRI and the technology of magnetic resonance is elaborated wherever deemed necessary. Definition and Classification Initially, magnetic resonance imaging or MRI was utilised to find out and examine greater intricacies of tissue structure. The primary aim was to understand patient morphology with the help of case specific detail s in furtherance with increase in scientific knowledge. Through the 1990s, research in magnetic resonance instrumentation targeted at finding out new methods to acquire detailed images more rapidly at higher resolutions to harness greater intricacy in understand patient condition and tissue abnormalities. The basic principle of the function of a conventional MRI device is shown in Figure – 1. (Coyne 2013; Brown and Semelke1999) Figure – 1: Basic function of a conventional MRI system (Coyne 2013) So conventional MRI and Interventional MRI (may also be referred to as intraoperative MRI) or iMRI are completely different techniques although the basic technology behind them is the same. MRI is used in a largely stationary environment to meet diagnostic aims. But iMRI aims at not only examining but also treating the abnormal tissues diagnosed or discovered during an operative procedure. Furthermore, iMRI can both guide and improve the treatment process, including procedures in an operation room (OR). (Blanco Sequeiros et al 2005; Lufkin, Gronemeyer, and Seibel 1997) Hushek et al (2008) state that iMRI applications have facilitated development of various improved ancillary devices and techniques that have enriched medical technology and biophysics holistically. For example, continuous research in the field of iMRI led to the invention of advanced pulse sequencing to establish a rapid imaging system with the help of an MR scanner. Furthermore, iMRI

Computer technology advancement in Forensic science Essay

Computer technology advancement in Forensic science - Essay Example The system was great for its time. System worked well. The image was not of best quality it worked, better then the old Identity kit. Nothing compares to a good forensic composite artist who can draw the image by hand. However, for those of us who aren't so talented with that medium, the computer and software became our medium and the results were excellent. Computer industry changed. The VISATEX program was in the DOS environment, everything was changing to a graphical environment, Windows. The costs of computers were dropping fast, the programs were cheaper and a lot of those in the industry just couldn't keep up with the changing technology, a financial drain. The "newer" composite programs were using a lot more memory, hard drive space and required better printers. When law enforcement finally caught up to the modern computer world the new composite programs matched the current computers capability. This is where we are today. Several composite programs are offering their composi te images in 16 bit, soon to change to 32 bit images. They are now photo quality, some are even in full color! Computer programs are available for sketching crime scenes and blood spatters by inputting certain measurements associated with the scene and the individual spatters. This blood spatter program will then calculate and draw the spatters' points of origin.

Journey of life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journey of life - Essay Example Another family tradition that has been very important in my family is the weekly prayers and lunch, every Friday, we would get together and share a meal after our prayers, and this helped us understand the importance of family and spirituality. Religious Events As a Muslim, each year we have the Ramadan, this is the time we take to fast and pray, we do not eat after sunrise and after sunset we are allowed to partake in our meals. This event has taught me that one cannot be a slave to food or the desires of his body and that the spiritual life is crucial. We also have the Eid Alfeter and Eid Aladha in our calendars in addition to Alhaj when we go the Mekkah in December for one week to worship Allah; it is a time of rejuvenation for our spiritual life, this seems to echo the sociocultural theory that children master activities and add value to them just as we do with our spiritual life. Academic Events I have been very fortunate in life to have two graduations, one from college and the other from the English program and in both events my family was there to celebrate with me, they were some of my proudest moments in life. I knew that I had achieved a major milestone as is expected in my journey through life and as an interpretation of the sociocultural theory which includes learning as part of cognitive development. Having my family to be a part of it showed me that family always rejoices with one in good and in bad times. This achievement was a step into the adult life because I was now walking into the world to fend for myself and not rely on my family as I always had. Career Events After school, I got a job with a company and to celebrate, I invited my colleagues for dinner, this was a way to form a relationship with them while at the same time celebrate the blessings in my life. After a while I moved jobs and took another one as a high school teacher, this was necessary as in life one cannot stagnate in the same position, growth is expected and is a way of sh owing positive development, it is one of the steps to self actualization Relationship Events My wedding day was one of the happiest days in my life, after an year of engagement to my fiance I was happy to be taking this major step, this was the only romantic relationship I had had in my life in line with the psychosocial development theory, intimacy as compared to isolation became important in my life. Taking the marriage step was a bold move on my side, despite it being the norm, there were times I was not sure if I would make a good husband but after evaluating myself I decided that I was ready and I would become better each step of the way as we guide each other, my wife and I. Challenging Events Coming the United States was not just exciting but challenging as well, I was overwhelmed and culture shock hit me hard, I did not know how o speak English and it being the main language I knew I had a long road ahead of me. As the social cognitive theory states that people observe and a t times take up the behaviour of others, I took up the challenge and decided that I would master the language come rain or shine and I am happy that my determination bore fruits as I can now effectively communicate in English. Looking back at all the events in my

Malaria Mosquito Borne Infectious Disease Biology Essay

Malaria Mosquito Borne Infectious Disease Biology Essay Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasites of the genus plasmodium. It begins with a bite from an infected female mosquito (more than 30 anopheline species), which introduces the parasite via its saliva into the circulatory system, and ultimately to the liver where they mature and reproduce. The disease causes symptoms that typically include fever, chills and headache, which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. Malaria is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broad band around the equator, including much of Sub Saharan Africa, asia and the Americas. There are five species of parasites of the genus Plasmodium that affect humans and of which only 3 species are found in India. These are Plasmodium malariae (Laveran, 1881), Plasmodium vivax (Grassi and Feletti, 1890), Plasmodium falciparum (Welch, 1897), Plasmodium ovale (Stephens, 1922) and Plasmodium knowlesi (Robert Knowels, 1932). Malaria due to P. falciparum is the most deadly, and it predominates in Africa. P. vivax is less dangerous but more widespread, and the other species are found much less frequently. P. knowlesi is the fifth major human malaria parasite (following the division of plasmodium ovale into 2 species). This is an emerging infection that was reported for the first time in humans in 1965 and it accounts for up to 70% of malaria cases in certain areas in South East Asia where it is mostly found. HISTORY Malaria has great impact on social and economic development of humans. Malaria was linked with poisonous vapours of swamps or stagnant water and named by the Italians in the 18th century as Malaria (from the Italian mala bad and aria air). In the fifth century B.C., the greek physician Hippocrates described the clinical manifestations and some of the complications of Malaria. The first major breakthrough in understanding the etiology of the disease was in 1880, when Laveran, a French army surgeon in Algeria, described exflagellated gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in a fresh blood film from a patient with Malaria. It was only in 1897, that Ronald Ross, a British army surgeon in India, conclusively established the major features of the life cycle of plasmodia by a careful series of experiments in naturally infected sparrows. During the 20th Century, progress was made in vector control technology and in 1955 potent synthetic compound called DDT was found and along with other residual insecticides, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a worldwide program of malaria eradication. This ambitious program was hindered by the development of DDT resistance among vector and chloroquine resistance in some strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Soon it was accepted by the world that Malaria was here to stay and subsequently in 1978, the World health assembly changed its focus from eradication to control. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA Global Scenario Based on documented cases, the WHO estimates that there were 216  million cases of malaria in 2010 resulting in 655,000 deaths. This is equivalent to roughly 2000 deaths every day. A 2012 study estimated the number of documented and undocumented deaths in 2010 as 1.24  million. An estimated 3.3 billion people were at risk of Malaria in 2010, although of all geographical regions, populations living in Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest risk of acquiring Malaria; in 2010, 81% of cases and 91% of deaths are estimated to have occurred in the WHO African region. The majority of cases (65%) occur in children under 15 years of age. Pregnant women are also especially vulnerable: about 125  million pregnant women are at risk of infection each year. In Sub-Saharan Africa, maternal malaria is associated with up to 200,000 estimated infant deaths yearly. There are about 10,000 malaria cases per year in Western Europe, and 1300-1500 in the United States. Both the global incidence of disease and resulting mortality has declined in recent years. According to the WHO, deaths attributable to malaria in 2010 were reduced by over a third from a 2000 estimate of 985,000, largely due to the widespread use of insecticide-treated nets and artemisinin-based combination therapies. Malaria is presently endemic in a broad band around the equator, in areas of the Americas, many parts of Asia, and much of Africa; however, it is in Sub-Saharan Africa where 85-90% of malaria fatalities occur. As of 2010, about 106 countries have endemic malaria. Every year, 125 million international travelers visit these countries, and more than 30,000 contract the disease. The geographic distribution of malaria within large regions is complex, and malaria-afflicted and malaria-free areas are often found close to each other. Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions because of rainfall, consistent high temperatures and high humidity, along with stagnant waters in which mosquito larvae readily mature, providing them with the environment they need for continuous breeding. Regional Scenario Out of the 11 countries of SEAR, 10 are malaria endemic. Maldives has no endogenous transmission since 1984. SEAR accounts for 30% of global morbidity and 8% of global mortality due to malaria. An estimated 82.8% of the total population is at risk and about 2.5 million cases are reported annually in the region. India contributes to more than three-fourths of the total cases in the South East Asian Region. Since 2004, there has been an increasing number of reports of the incidence of P. knowlesi among humans in various countries in South East Asia, including Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar and Indonesia. Country Scenario Malaria transmission occurs in almost all areas of India except areas above 1800 meters sea level. Countrys 95% population lives in malaria risk prone areas and 80% of malaria reported in the country is confined to areas consisting 20% of population i.e. residing in tribal, hilly, difficult and inaccessible areas. Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) has framed technical guidelines/ policies and provides most of the resources for the programme. The case load, around 2 million cases annually in the late nineties, has shown a declining trend since 2002. At low levels of surveillance, the Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) may be a better indicator. The SPR has shown gradual decline from 3.32 in 1995 to 1.41 in 2010 (3). The reported Pf cases declined from 1.14 million in 1995 to 0.77 million cases in 2010. However, the Pf % has gradually increased from 39% in 1995 to 52.12% in 2010. Number of reported deaths has been leveling around 1000 per year. Currently, 80.5% of the population of India lives in malaria risk areas. Since 1970s, in India, areas with an API above 2 cases per 1000 population per year have been classified as high risk and thereby eligible for vector control. The current situation of Malaria in India is shown in Fig 6.1. Malaria in India is unevenly distributed with a risk of increase in cases in epidemic forms every 7-10 yrs depending on the immune status of the population, breeding potential of the mosquitoes and the rainfall pattern. In North-East states efficient malaria transmission is maintained during most months of the year. Intermediate level of stability is maintained in the plains of India in the forests and forest fringes, predominantly tribal settlements in 8 states (AP, Gujarat, Jharkhand, MP, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Rajasthan). The largest number of cases in the country is reported in Orissa, followed by Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat and Rajasthan. The largest numbers of deaths are reported in Orissa, followed by West Bengal, Assam, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Karnataka, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh Fig 6.2. Annually about 100 million fever cases are being screened by blood smears. There are 3.12 lakh Drug Distribution Centers, 1.17 lakh Fever Treatment Depots and 13 thousand Malaria Clinics functioning in the country. IMPORTANT TIMELINE 1947: At the time of independence, malaria was responsible for an estimated 75 million cases and 0.8 million deaths annually. 1953: National Malaria Control Programme was launched. 1958: With its overwhelming success, GOI launched National Malaria Eradication Programme. 1965-66: Due to concerted implementation of strategies, particularly spraying with DDT, the number of annual cases was successfully brought down to 100,000 and deaths were eliminated. 1971: Since the resurgence of malaria in early 1970s, urban malaria has been recognised as an important problem contributing to overall malaria morbidity in the country. To assist the states in control of malaria in urban areas, Urban Malaria Scheme (UMS) was launched in 1971. The scheme is being implemented in 131 towns in the country. Urban malaria poses problems because of haphazard expansion of urban areas. The urban malaria vector, An. stephensi breeds in stored water and domestic containers. Construction activities and aggregation of labour provide ideal opportunities for vector to breed and transmit malaria in urban areas. 1976: However, in the following years, the Programme faced various technical obstacles as well as financial and administrative constraints, which led to countrywide increase in malaria incidence to 6.47 million cases. 1977: Modified Plan of Operation (MPO) under NMEP was launched as a contingency plan to effectively control malaria by preventing deaths, reducing morbidity so as to improve the health status of the people. With the adoption of the MPO strategy, the total malaria cases decreased significantly. Presently, about 2 million cases are being reported in the country annually, about half of which are P. falciparum cases. 1982: The National Anti-malaria Drug Policy was drafted in 1982 to combat the increasing level of resistance to chloroquine detected in Pf. 1997: The name of the programme was changed to National Anti Malaria Programme. Enhanced Malaria Control Project (EMCP) was launched in April 1997 with the assistance of the World Bank. This is directly benefiting the six crore Tribal Population of the eight peninsular states covering 100 districts and 19 urban areas. 2003: National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme was envisaged as an umbrella programme for prevention and control of Malaria and other vector borne diseases such as Filariasis, Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis and Kala-azar. 2008: the global malaria action plan (GMAP) was launched by the roll back malaria partnership (RBM) as a blueprint for the control, elimination and eventual eradication of malaria, setting as its objective the reduction of the number of preventable malaria deaths worldwide to near zero by 2015. 2010: The year 2010 was an important milestone on the way to achievement of internationally agreed goals and targets for malaria Control. It was the date set by the World Health Assembly in 2005 to ensure reduction of the malaria burden by at least 50% compared to the levels in 2000. The aim was to make indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINS) available to all people at risk of malaria, and for all public health facilities to be able to provide reliable diagnosis and effective treatment for malaria. 2011: In the light of progress made by 2010, RBM updated the GMAP targets in June 2011. Maintaining an overall vision of a malaria-free world, the targets are now to: (i) reduce global malaria deaths to near zero by end-2015, (ii) reduce global malaria cases by 75% from 2000 levels by end-2015, and (iii) eliminate malaria by end-2015 in 10 new countries since 2008, including in the WHO European Region. These targets will be met by: achieving and sustaining universal access to and utilization of preventive measures; achieving universal access to case management in the public and private sectors and in the areas where public health facilities are able to provide a parasitological test for all suspected malaria cases, near zero malaria deaths is defined as no more than 1 confirmed malaria death per 100,000 population at risk. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT Malaria affects everyday life of the afflicted persons and is one of the major causes of loss of income and absenteeism in schools. It is thus, directly linked with socio-economic development and referred to as both a disease of poverty and a cause of poverty. Economists believe that malaria is responsible for a growth penalty of up to 1.3 percent per year in some African countries. When compounded over the years, this penalty leads to substantial differences in GDP between countries with and without malaria and severely restrains the economic growth. The direct costs of malaria include a combination of personal and public expenditures on both prevention and treatment of the disease. The indirect costs of malaria include lost productivity or income associated with illness or premature death. Although difficult to express in financial terms, another indirect cost of malaria is the human suffering caused by the disease. J. A. Sinton estimated a loss of Rs.7, 500 million per year to the Indian economy on account of malaria in 1935. The Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad calculated that each rupee spent on the malaria programme since 1953-54 has brought in a benefit of Rs.9.27 to the nation. According to an estimate by MRC-ICMR, Delhi, in 1994, every rupee invested in malaria control produces a direct return of Rs. 22.10. The calculations do not include the hidden but large savings on account of the labour days, which is many times higher than that of the direct savings of an individual. In terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), malaria in India contributes to 1.86 million years. Among the females, DALYs lost were 0.786 million as against 1.074 million in the males. The maximum DALYs lost (53.25%) were in the middle productive ages from 15 to 44 years followed by children 45 years of age. Transmission dynamics of malaria A large number of factors related to Agent, Host, Vector and Environment have a role in determining the transmission dynamics. Host factors Age : All ages are equally affected. Children are usually effective carriers of gametocytes. In areas with high falciparum transmission, newborns will be protected during the first few months of life due to maternal antibodies transferred to them through the placenta. Gender : Gender does not affect the incidence or severity of malaria infection and disease per se, but because they are often related to frequency of exposure (via occupation, social behaviour, and migration). Innate Immunity : Some persons residing in highly malarious areas do not acquire infection. This may be due to innate immunity of the individual. Such immunity is mainly due to antibodies and T-lymphocytes specific for Plasmodium, which result in reduced illness despite infection. Blood group : There are other factors, which determine immunity against malaria. Genetic characteristics of the erythrocytes and presence of haemoglobinopathies usually confer some sort of protection against infection with malaria parasite. Individuals lacking in Duffy blood group antigen are refractory to P.vivax infection. This points to the fact that Duffy coating on the RBC wall may modify receptors in respect of P.vivax merozoites. Haemoglobin HbS sickle cell trait and Haemoglobin C have a protective effect against P.falciparum. Economic Status : Economic status is inversely related to incidence of malaria mainly because of poor housing. Ill ventilated and poorly lighted houses provide ideal resting places for mosquitoes. Migration : Large scale migration of population from one part of the country for sowing, transplanting and harvesting of crops results in spread of malaria. Tropical aggregation of labour is associated with malaria. The labour migrating from malarious to non-malarious areas bring immune and non-immune population together coupled with local and imported parasite reservoir at the site of temporary camps. Focal outbreaks can be explosive in such situations. They also bring different strains of malaria parasite to the project site including drug resistant strains. Environmental factors Weather: There are seasonal variations in mosquito density, resting, feeding and biting habits, longevity and flight capabilities. Malaria is therefore, seasonal in most parts of the country. In most of the states the maximum transmission is during the period July to November. Temperature and Humidity : Optimal conditions for malaria transmission occur when the temperature is between 20 °C and 30 °C and the mean relative humidity is at least 60%. Sporogony does not occur at temperatures below 16 °C or at temperatures higher than 33 °C. Water temperatures regulate the duration of the aquatic breeding cycle of the mosquito vector. A high relative humidity increases mosquito longevity and therefore increases the probability that an infected mosquito will survive long enough to become infective. The forest cover of an area keeps humidity levels at high level resulting in long survival of all vector mosquitoes. Altitude : Transmission decreases with increasing altitude and as a rule and it stops above the heights of 2000 m. Man made malaria : Construction of roads, railways, irrigation works, dams and barrages, deforestation and other engineering projects have resulted in creation of mosquito breeding place in many new areas. The proximity of human habitation to breeding sites directly influences vector human contact and, therefore, transmission. Agriculture and irrigation have an intricate role in malaria transmission. In areas where irrigation channels are not properly maintained, high vector mosquito density is observed. Temporary hutments in agriculture fields result in increased exposure to mosquitoes. Wells, overhead tanks, ornamental tanks, roof gutters, water storage containers, construction sites, room coolers, valve chambers etc. are important breeding places for A.stephensi. Use of disposable cups, bottles and other items, which can collect water, increase the risks of mosquito breeding. The slums within the town and its periphery are the worst affected areas because of lack of water managem ent and appropriate anti-larval operations. Agent factors Genus : The disease is caused by the haemoparasites of genus Plasmodium, family Plasmodiidae, suborder Haemosporidiidae, order Coccidia. Life cycle : The life cycle of the plasmodium occurs in two stages, the sexual cycle (sporogony) in the mosquitoes and asexual cycle (schizogony) in the human host. Within the vertebrate host, schizogony is found both within erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony) and in other tissues (exo erythrocytic schizogony). The development of asexual cycle in man, its duration and course of infection are determined by the genetic composition of the malaria parasite. Sporozoites (microscopic, motile forms of malarial parasite) are released into blood of the human host from the saliva of infected female mosquito when it bites him/ her. Within minutes, these attach to and invade liver cells by binding to hepatocyte receptor for the serum proteins thrombospondin and properdin. The sporozoites multiply in the hepatocytes and get released in batches from them in form of merozoites, which are the asexual, haploid forms. The human red blood cells contain sialic acid residues on the glycophorin molecules attached to their surface. The plasmodium merozoites attach to these sialic acid residues by a parasite lectin like molecule. In the RBCs, the parasites grow in a membrane bound digestive vacuole, hydrolyzing hemoglobin through secreting enzymes. This stage is called the trophozoite and contains a single chromatin mass. The next stage is the schizont (erythrocytic schizont) with multiple chromatin masses, each of which develops into a fresh merozoite. The schizont forms after about 48 hr of intra-erythrocytic life (72 hr for P. malariae) and is characterized by consumption of almost all the hemoglobin and occupation of most of the RBC cavity. The RBC ruptures and a new batch of merozoite is released from it, which infects other RBCs. This cycle repeats itself till the host immune mechanisms come into play. Some schizonts mature into sexual forms called the gametocytes that infect the mosquitoes when they take their blood meal. During the hepatic phase, a proportion of sporozoites do not devide but remain dormant for a period ranging from 3 weeks to a year longer before reproduction. These dormant forms are called hypnozoites and are the cause of relapses that occur in P. vivax and P. ovale. After being ingested in the blood meal of the biting female mosquito, the male and female gametocytes form a zygote in the insects gut wass. The resulting oocyst expands by asexual division until it bursts to release a myriad of motile sporozoites, which then migrate in the hemolymph to the salivary gland of the mosquito to await inoculation into other human at the next feeding episode. Parasite load : The parasite load and the gametocyte production are influenced by development of immunity in human host. The difference in parasitaemia levels observed in P.vivax and P.falcipatum are attributed to the fact that P.vivax tends to invade younger RBCs while the P.falciparum invades all RBCs irrespective of their age. Reservoir : The source of infection is a malaria case with adequate number of mature viable gametocytes circulating in the blood. It has been estimated that in order to infect a mosquito, the blood of a human carrier must contain at least 12 gametocytes per mm3 and the number of female gametocytes must be more than the male gametocytes. The human case of malaria becomes infective to mosquito when mature, viable gametocytes develop in the blood of the patient in sufficient density. Bionomics of malaria vectors There are many species of anopheline mosquitoes in India but only 6 are regarded as primary vectors and another 3 or 4 as secondary or local vectors. The following characteristics of vector mosquitoes play an important role in the epidemiology of malaria. Breeding Habits : The breeding habits of mosquitoes show a lot of variation. Hence, vector mosquitoes tend to be confined to certain geographical areas only. Anopheles sundaicus prefers to breed in brackish waters. The main urban vector Anopheles stephensi commonly breeds in wells, cisterns and over head tanks. Tanks, pools, burrow pits and ditches are the preferred breeding spots for Anopheles annularis and Anopheles philippinensis while Anopheles dirus is usually found breeding in forest pools, streams and slit trenches. A.culicifacies is the major vector of rural malaria. It breeds in different ground water collections. During the rainy season, breeding places are numerous. Hence the density is at its peak in the rainy season. The other major vectors are A.minimus and A.fluviatilis. They breed in running channels with clear water. Therefore the densities reach the peak after the monsoon season when streams and channels have slow moving clear water. Density : For effective transmission of malaria in a locality, the mosquito vector must attain and maintain a certain density. This is called critical density and it varies from one mosquito to another and also under different environmental conditions. Anopheles culicifacies needs a very high density for transmission of malaria. Longevity : A mosquito, after an infective blood meal, must live for at least 10 days to complete the development of malaria parasites. Tropism : Some mosquitoes like Anopheles fluviatilis, Anopheles minimus prefer human blood and are called anthropophilic. Others like Anopheles culicifacies preferably feed on animal blood and are called zoophilic. When the densities are high or when the man cattle ratio is higher, they feed on humans too. This preferential feeding habit is called tropism. It has obvious bearing on the transmission of malaria. Biting and resting behaviour : Some vector mosquitoes bite at or soon after dusk, others either during late night or early hours of the morning. However, some species may be active at two different periods during the same night. Control strategies should consider such habits of mosquitoes. Use of impregnated bed nets would definitely be more effective when there are late biters in that area. A female mosquito rests either indoors (endophilic) or outdoors (exophilic) after a blood meal for maturation of its eggs. The common resting places are either human dwellings, cattle sheds or mixed dwellings. Flight Range : The distribution and dispersal of vector species depend upon their flight range. This is important for tracing the source and planning control measures. Some have a short flight range e.g. Anopheles dirus, Anopheles annularis and Anopheles fluviatilis. The species with flight range upto Two km distance are Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi. Anopheles sundaicus may fly upto 8 or 10 km. MODE OF TRANSMISSION The most prevalent mode of Transmission of malaria is through the bite of the infected Female anopheles mosquito. The mosquito is infective only if the sporozoites are present in its salivary glands. However, malaria can also be transmitted by intravenous or intramuscular Injection of infected blood or plasma in an otherwise healthy person. The parasite can stay alive for nearly two weeks at 4 °c in bottled blood. Rarely transmission can also occur from Infected mother to the newborn. Malaria SURVEILLANCE Malaria surveillance connotes the maintenance of an on-going watch/ vigil over the status of malaria in a group or community. The main purpose of surveillance is to detect changes in trends or distribution in malaria in order to initiate investigative or control measures. 1. Fortnightly Domiciliary visits The active case detection is carried out by multipurpose health workers (male) under primary health care system by conducting active case detection every fortnight by making domiciliary visits. Technical justification for a fortnightly blood smear collection is based on transmission dynamics of malaria. The incubation interval in case of P.vivax is approximately 22 days while for P.falciparum it is 35 days. Thus, surveillance cycle of less than one incubation interval will catch most of the secondary cases before the commencement of next cycle. 2. Fever Treatment Depots (FTDs) Fever Treatment Depots are established in remote villages. The FTD holder is given training for one or two days at the PHC in the collection of blood smears, administration of presumptive treatment, impregnation of bed nets, promotion of larvivorous fish, etc. 3. Passive Case Detection (PCD) All Allopathic, Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Siddha medicine dispensaries in the health sector are identified and involved in passive case detection. All the fever cases attending the hospital should be screened for malaria and given presumptive treatment. 4. Rapid Fever Survey In case of an epidemic outbreak, every house of the village in the suspected epidemic zone is visited and all fever cases are screened by taking blood smears. 5. Mass survey As an alternative to Rapid Fever Survey, if possible mass survey of the entire population may be carried out in the suspected epidemic zone. Here all the population irrespective of age, sex or fever status is screened by taking blood smear. 6. Drug Distribution Centre (DDC) If it is not possible to have FTD, the medical officer should establish DDC. The functions of DDCs are the same as those of FTDs, except that the DDCs do not take blood slides but administer drugs to fever cases. 7. Annual blood smears examination rate and its validity All fever cases occurring in the community are examined for malaria parasite, and then the total malaria parasite load is examined. The monthly blood examination rate (MBER) norms are 0.8 percent during non-transmission season and 1.2 to 1.8 percent during transmission season were laid down in the Indian Malaria Eradication Programme. ABER = No. of blood smears collected during the year x 100 Population covered under surveillance MBER = No. of blood smears collected during the month x 100 Population covered under surveillance ABER/ MBER is an index of operational efficacy of the programme. The Annual Parasite Incidence (API) depends upon the ABER. A sufficient number of blood slides should be systematically obtained and examined for malaria parasite to work out accurate API. 8. Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) The Slide Positivity Rate among the blood smears collected through both active and passive surveillance gives more accurate information on distribution of malaria infection in the community over a period of time. Trends in SPR can be utilized for predicting epidemic situations in the area. If monthly SPR exceeds by 2  ½ times of the standard deviation observed in SPR of the preceding 3 years or preceding 3 months of the same year, an epidemic build up in the area can be suspected. SPR : No. of blood smears found positive for malaria parasite X 100 No. of blood smears examined 9. Annual Parasite Incidence (API) This parameter measures the incidence of malaria. It is calculated as: API = No. blood smears found positive for malaria parasite x 1000 Total population under surveillance API can be utilized for assessing the malaria endemicity in the area and impact of control operations. The level of API determines whether spray should be taken up in any area. In only those areas with API more than 2, regular rounds of spray would be planned. API calcualtes incidence of malaria and based on this, areas are divided into high low risk zones. 10. P. falciparum Percentage This is calculated as: P.f % = No. blood smears found positive for P.falciparum x 100   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No. blood smears found positive for malaria parasite Pf % is required to find out prevalence of P.falciparum infection, which can cause severe manifestations of malaria including death. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY P.vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae cause low level parasitemia, mild anaemia and in rare instances, splenic rupture and nephritic syndrome. P. Falciparum on the other hand usually cause high levels of parasitemis, severe anaemia, cerebral symptoms, renal failure, pulmonary edema and even death. Pathophysiology of malaria results from destruction of erythrocytes, the liberation of parasite and erythrocyte (Cytokines, Nitric Oxide etc) material into the circulation, and the host reaction to these events. P. falciparum malaria differs from the other human species of malaria parasite because infected erythrocytes also sequester in the microcirculation of vital organs, interfering with micro circulatory flow and host tissue metabolism, which results in severe organ damage. The P. falciparums greater pathogenicity is due to the following reasons: (a) It is able to infect red cells of any age and maturity, leading to high parasite burden and profound anaemia. (compared to that caused by other species which infect only the young or very old RBCs) (b) P. falciparum causes infected RBCs to clump together (forming rosettes) and to stick to the vascular endothelium (sequestration) blocking the blood flow. Ischemia due to poor perfusi

It Takes a Thief :: Short Stories Stealing Burglary Essays

It Takes a Thief The thief moved slowly through the long stone hallway, not making a sound. He virtually clung to the grey walls, just another shadow in the dark. He paused for a moment, stretching every inch of his six foot frame, eyes and ears straining in the blackness. There it was again, the sound of sandaled feet echoing through the hall. Dropping down and touching the floor, he felt vibrations reverberating through the stone. And they were coming closer! He swore softly, and looked around quickly. Spotting a door, he hurriedly said a prayer to whatever god was willing to listen, and he stepped through it. He noted that he was in a large, empty candlelit room, but that was all he looked at for a moment. Breathing a sigh of relief, he wiped his brow and pushed back his shoulder length black hair, revealing a large, pointed ear. "You're getting to old for this Thronn," he whispered in the silence. Two hundred years. He was two hundred years old. That was really nothing but a pinch of salt in the life of an elf, but the constant pressures of his profession was starting to wear on him. Being a thief added a lot of stress to one's life. This job especially. Usually, he came out ahead, but not this time. His mouth quirked up in a cynical grin at the though of the mere two hundred gold that he was getting for this job. Raiding the castle of Lord Paraxel was not his idea of sane, not even his idea of insanity. But, he had needed the money at the time. He shook his head angrily and looked up. A lapse like that could easily cost him. Finally, his head clear, he scanned the room. It was bigger than he had originally thought and, he smiled, it was the very room he was looking for: the armory. Cabinets were in numerous places along the floor, and numerous weapons were hanging along the walls. Reaching into his belt pouch, he drew out a scroll that his employer had given him. He'd been told that when he was finished reading it, the weapon that glowed would be the one to take. He looked at the scroll with revulsion. He never had liked magic very much, even though he'd always had a way with it. Suddenly, with a flick of his wrist, a dagger appeared in his right hand. It Takes a Thief :: Short Stories Stealing Burglary Essays It Takes a Thief The thief moved slowly through the long stone hallway, not making a sound. He virtually clung to the grey walls, just another shadow in the dark. He paused for a moment, stretching every inch of his six foot frame, eyes and ears straining in the blackness. There it was again, the sound of sandaled feet echoing through the hall. Dropping down and touching the floor, he felt vibrations reverberating through the stone. And they were coming closer! He swore softly, and looked around quickly. Spotting a door, he hurriedly said a prayer to whatever god was willing to listen, and he stepped through it. He noted that he was in a large, empty candlelit room, but that was all he looked at for a moment. Breathing a sigh of relief, he wiped his brow and pushed back his shoulder length black hair, revealing a large, pointed ear. "You're getting to old for this Thronn," he whispered in the silence. Two hundred years. He was two hundred years old. That was really nothing but a pinch of salt in the life of an elf, but the constant pressures of his profession was starting to wear on him. Being a thief added a lot of stress to one's life. This job especially. Usually, he came out ahead, but not this time. His mouth quirked up in a cynical grin at the though of the mere two hundred gold that he was getting for this job. Raiding the castle of Lord Paraxel was not his idea of sane, not even his idea of insanity. But, he had needed the money at the time. He shook his head angrily and looked up. A lapse like that could easily cost him. Finally, his head clear, he scanned the room. It was bigger than he had originally thought and, he smiled, it was the very room he was looking for: the armory. Cabinets were in numerous places along the floor, and numerous weapons were hanging along the walls. Reaching into his belt pouch, he drew out a scroll that his employer had given him. He'd been told that when he was finished reading it, the weapon that glowed would be the one to take. He looked at the scroll with revulsion. He never had liked magic very much, even though he'd always had a way with it. Suddenly, with a flick of his wrist, a dagger appeared in his right hand.

Horizontal Mergers Essay

Mergers occur when one business firm buys or acquires another business firm (the acquired firm) and the combined firm maintains the identity of the acquiring firm. Business firms merge for a variety of reasons, both financial and non-financial. There are a number of types of mergers. Horizontal and non-horizontal are just two of many types. WHAT IS HORIZONTAL MERGER? A merger occurring between companies in the same industry. Horizontal merger is a business consolidation that occurs between firms who operate in the same space, often as competitors offering the same good or service. Horizontal mergers are often a type of non-financial merger. In other words, a horizontal merger is undertaken for reason that have little to do with money, at least directly. Simply stated, a horizontal merger is usually the acquisition of a competitor who is in the same line of business as the acquiring business. By acquiring the competitor, the acquiring company is reducing the competition in the marketplace. Suppose, for example, that Pepsi were to buy Coca-Cola. This would be a horizontal merger. Horizontal mergers are common in industries with fewer firms, as competition tends to be higher and the synergies and potential gains in market share are much greater for merging firms in such an industry. Many businesses use this strategy when one is failing to perform. T hey merge as a last ditch effort to keep from going completely out of business. NON-HORIZONTAL MERGER A non-horizontal merger is the opposite of horizontal mergers. A merger between companies in different industry. It is a business consolidation that occurs between firms who operate in different space offering different goods and services. They involve firms who do not operate in the same market. It necessarily follows that such mergers produce no immediate change in the level of concentration in any relevant market. Although non-horizontal mergers are less likely than horizontal mergers to create competitive problems, they are not invariably innocuous. FORMS OF HORIZONTAL MERGERS There are two basic forms of non-horizontal mergers: vertical mergers and conglomerate mergers. Vertical mergers are mergers between firms that operate at different but complementary levels in the chain of production. Vertical mergers or vertical integration happens when the acquiring firm buys buyers or sellers of goods and services to the company. In other words, a vertical merger is usually between a manufacturer and a supplier. It is a merger between two companies that produce different products or services along the supply chain toward the production of some final product. Vertical mergers usually happen in order to increase efficiency along the supply chain which, in turn, increases profits for the acquiring company. In vertical mergers there is no direct loss in competition as in horizontal mergers because the parties’ product did not compete in the same relevant market. Just like horizontal mergers, vertical mergers can result in anti-trust problems in the marketplace by reducing competition. An example would be if an automobile manufacturing company was to buy up other businesses that exist along its supply c hain. It takes many different types of businesses to support automobile manufacturing. If an automobile company bought a seat belt manufacturing company, companies that manufactured different parts of the engine block and the transmission, as well as sources of its raw materials, transportation, technology, and sales (dealerships), imagine the market power that would accrue to that automobile manufacturing company. It would effectively totally control the price for its vehicles without having to consider any other factors. That is the kind of market power that anti-trust laws are meant to control. However, it should be noted that in general vertical merger concerns are likely to arise only if market power already exists in one or more markets along the supply chain. Conglomerate mergers involve firms that operate in different product markets, without a vertical relationship. They may be product extension mergers, i.e. mergers between firms that produce different but related products or pure conglomerate mergers. Conglomerate mergers generally involve the union of two companies that have no type of common interest, are not in competition with any of the same competitors, and do not make use of the same suppliers or vendors. Essentially, the conglomerate merger usually brings together two companies with no connections whatsoever under one corporate umbrella. This type of arrangement can be very desirable when the investors for the newly created conglomerate wish to create a strong presence in two different markets. In practice, the focus is on mergers between companies that are active in related or neighboring markets, e.g., mergers involving suppliers of complementary products or of products belonging to a range of products that is generally sold to the same set of customers in a manner that lessens competition. Proponents of conglomerate theories of harm argue that in a small number of cases, where the parties to the merger have strong market positions in their respective markets, potential harm may arise when the merging group is likely to foreclose other rivals from the market in a way similar to vertical mergers, particularly by means of tying and bundling their products. When as a result of foreclosure rival companies become less effective competitors, consumer harm may result. However, it should be stressed that in these cases there is a real risk of foregoing efficiency gains that benefits consumer welfare and thus the theory of competitive harm needs to be supported by substantial evidence

John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare Essay Example

John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare Essay Example John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare Paper John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare Paper Essay Topic: Death and the Maiden Poetry The poets John Donne, Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare all use numerous different devices to seduce their audiences. Some of the techniques employed are similar between the poets, but there are also differences. The poem The Flea is a metaphysical poem, using metaphysical conceit to persuade the audience. In the poem the flea could be understood as an extended metaphor for virginity, how little that which thou deniest me The poet could be likening the fleas size to the importance of her virginity, in order to convince his audience that the loss of virginity is not a big deal. Donne tells his audience that in this flea our too bloods mingled be. And that this cannot be said a sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead. The poet could be suggesting that his audience cant say that what the flea has done is a sin, and she has now lost her virginity, so her loosing her virginity to him would also not be a sin. There is also mention of Pamperd swells with one blood made of two, which could be a suggestion of a child. A child is born from two parents or is one blood made of two. The poet says that the flea is doing. More than we would do. The poet is trying to say the flea has already joined them together, but it is an act which they should partake in. Donne says to spare the flea because three lives in one flea spare. He could be saying that by sparing the flea he is saving his life his audiences life and the fleas life, as their blood has been muddled together in the flea. He claims that they more than married are and the flea is their marriage bed, and marriage temple. Donne is saying that because they are both in the flea that they are beyond married, they are intertwined. The poet could be trying to flatter his audience, by saying that they are beyond marriage, suggesting a very deep connection between the two. Donne trys to make their relationship seem of a metaphysical nature as their parents grudge, and you, were met, and cloisterd in these living walls of jet He could be telling his audience that, although there are all these things hindering their relationship, such as parents grudging against their romance or her unwillingness to make love to him, they are nevertheless, united inside the walls of the flea. He asks her, although she is apt to kill me, do not kill yourself let not self murder added be. And sacrilege, three sins in killing three, he is repeating himself telling her not to kill the flea as it is killing him, her and the flea its self. This repetition may be used to convince her that it is the case. The poet calls his lover cruel and sudden because he has purpled thy nail in blood of innocence and killed the flea. His lover says findst not thyself nor me the weaker now, neither of them are have lost honour by killing the flea. Donne agrees and argues just so much honour, when thou yieldst to me, will waste, as this fleas death took life from thee. Donne is summarising the argument of the whole poem, saying that she will loose as much honour form sleeping with him as she did when she killed the flea. Throughout the poem Donne uses the flea as an extended metaphor for the virginity of his lover, in size and importance. Similarly in To his Coy Mistress, Andrew Marvell all so employs the technique of metaphysical conceit. Marvell is trying to persuade a lover to sleep with him. If Had we but world enough and time, this coyness lady would be no crime. The poet is suggesting that if we had all the time in the world, his lovers unwillingness would not frustrate him so. He may be trying to win over his lover, buy suggesting she has done no wrong. He trys to flatter her by saying they would sit down and think which way to walk, and pass our long love days He tells her she is the Indian Ganges side shouldst rubies find and that he is the Humber. This could be another form of flatter, and he is telling her that she is as exotic and exciting as the river Ganges, and compared to her, he is antithesis, the uninteresting Humber. He tells her he would Love you ten years before the flood. This could be referring to Noahs ark, this may be him trying to demonstrate his intelligence, because of his knowledge of the bible, he could also be saying that he would lover her forever, or at least a very long time. He tells her she should, if you please, refuse till the conversion of the Jews which in bible is the end of time. He is again showing his intelligence to his lover, and is also saying how everlasting his love is. Marvell flatters his lover by saying a hundred years should go to praise thine eyes and two hundred to adore each breast and an age at least to every part. The poet describes vast amounts of time, because he knows that their time is not everlasting. Marvell dignifies his previous statements with for, lady, you deserve this state, nor would I ever love at a lower rate he is saying to her that he could never lover her any less and she only deserves the highest amount of love. By using the word lady he makes all his statements sound more dignified and proper. In the second stanza Marvell explains why he cannot do all those things he said in the first stanza. I always hear, times winged chariot hurrying near he tells his lover that death is drawing near, and they are running out of time. Marvell may have personified time to make it sound more real, or so it would connect more with his lover. The theme of a chariot comes from roman and Greek mythology, which again shows Marvells intelligence. He says to his lover that when she is dead her beauty shall no more be found. He could be suggesting that she should not waste her beauty when she is alive. He also tells her nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound my echoing song. He says that when she is dead he will not be able to hear his flattery anymore. Marvell is could be using the image of death to scare his lover into have a sexual relationship with her. Marvell then frightens her further by suggesting that worms shall try that long preservd virginity, when a person in buried, worms decapitate the corpse, Marvell is likening this to losing her virginity, and say what is the point in keeping it, if when you die worms will take it? There is also a hint of sarcasm in that statement, as if Marvell was trying to convince his lover that a long preservd virginity was a silly idea. He tells her your quaint honour will turn to dust, and into ashes all my lust. He is frightening his audience but implying that her honour will be taken anyway, and why waste all his lusting after her. Also the word quaint has modern day connotations of a vulgar term for the female genitalia, so that statement is a play on words. He also tells her that the graves a fine and private place, but none I think do there embrace. He scares her by saying that there is no love in the grave, and if you want the love from him take it now. In the third Stanza Marvell explains why she should give her virginity up now. Now, therefore while the youthful hue sits on the skin Marvell is telling her to do it now, buy using the word now at the beginning of the stanza and throughout it, he also is telling her to do it now while they are both still young and beautiful. let us sport while we may, and now like amrous birds of prey He tells her that they should do it while they are still physically fit and that if she does her experience will be wild as birds of prey . Marvell is now trying convince his lover with wondrous promises and the logic that they should do it while they are still physically able. Let us roll up all our strength and all our sweetness into one ball. Spheres represent a continuous connection and perfect unity. And tear our pleasures with rough strife through the iron gates of life the rough strife refers to the sexual act and the gates of life are representative of the female genitalia. This is an example of the Carpe Diem ideal, which was popular at the time the poem was written. Carpe Diem means to seize the day or harvest the day, by doing what you want as life is too short to miss opportunities. In the context of To His coy mistress, this meant for his lover to succumb to his seduction. To end the poem Marvell moves away from talk referring to sex. Thus, though we cannot make our son stand still, yet we will make him run. He is telling his lover that though he cannot stop time, they will be preserved in time with they have sex. This poem is a carpe diem poem, which means to seize the day. Marvell wants his lover to seize the day and not wait any longer to have sex with him. Conversely to The flea and To his Coy Mistress, Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare does not try to flatter to his lover but says you are not perfect but I love you just as much or more than the poets that say their lovers are perfect. My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun Shakespeare is already in a relationship with this woman, and he is concentrating on her physical features, which fall short of the fashionable beauty at the time. If snow be white then her breasts are dun she may be black or have dark skin, which was unusual at the time. Shakespeares sonnet 130 relies heavily on highlighting his lovers imperfections. By doing this Shakespeare conveys to his audience that his love is far more than physical. If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head this supports the idea his lover is black, it is also the antithesis of the stereotyped maiden, with long soft blonde hair. I love to hear her speak yet well I know that music hath a far more pleasing sound, Shakespeare is realistic in his description of his mistress, and shows he appreciates her, but does not lie. The poet describes his lovers breath with words such as reek, which have negative connotations. Satirical comments like this are employed throughout the poem, and are a deliberate contrast with the other poetry fashionable at the time. My mistress when she walks treads on the ground and yet by heaven I think my love as rare as any she belied with false compare He is telling her he loves her just as much as a woman who has been lied to or flattered about their looks. These last lines are meant to demonstrate Shakespeares love for his mistress and to squander any doubts that had aroused in his lover from the pervious comments. In this poem Shakespeares sonnet 130 contrasts with conventional poetry and breaks all the rules, he explains that she has faults but he loves her because of or in spite of them. The language he uses suggests honesty and persuades his audience to believe what he says. From an overall perspective it is apparent that flattery was the most popular form of persuasion at the time, however Sonnet 130 demonstrates how alternative devices such as honesty and satyr can be used to the same effect.

Alex the Great essays

Alex the Great essays Alexander The Great was one of the greatest emperors and leaders of the world. In fact, he was the only emperor to be called, "The Great." He had studied under a great Greek Philosopher, Aristotle, who taught Alexander literature, science, medicine, philosophy and to speak and write well. Alexander was the son of Philip of Macedonia. Philip became king of Macedonia in 359 B.C., but died in 336 B.C. He left his kingdom to Alexander. Alexander ruled for only thirteen years but he succeeded far beyond what his father had planned. After his father's death in 336 B.C., Alexander became king of Macedonia. He strengthened his claim of king by quickly stopping revolts by Athens, which tried to break away from Macedonia, by destroying the city of Thebes, and by defeating neighboring lands for breaking away from his rule. Alexander united Greece. In 334 B.C. Alexander led his army into Persia and, after defeating an army of Persians and Greeks, he captured territories in Asia Minor. In 332 B.C., Alexander first conquered Tyre, Gaza and then Egypt in 327 B.C. In 331 B.C. Alexander defeated the main Persian army in Masopotamia. When the Persian king, Darius, was killed by his own soldiers, Alexander declared himself king of Persia Alexander was determined to conquer the whole world. In 327 B.C., Alexander led his armies into India. Soon after that, the Macedonians refused to go further and wanted to return to their homes and families because they had been fighting for six years. Reluctantly, Alexander agreed to turn back. He arrived in Babylon in 323 B.C. but shortly caught a fever and died. He was not yet 33 years old. Alexander the Great admired Athens and the Greek culture so he brought many Greek ideas to the non-Greek people of his empire. He spread Greek civilization throughout wester Asia, and opened the east to Greek trade. Alexander had a very open mind. He adopted ideas and customs from the people he had conquered ...

Bike Thieves at Arizona State University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bike Thieves at Arizona State University - Essay Example In addition, the student is faced with a financial burden to replace the bicycle or find an alternative means of transport, and until they do they are faced with significant inconvenience in commuting from one place to another. Students are the group most highly affected by this theft, as many are low in income, and as a consequence find replacing their bicycle difficult, and may not be able to afford alternative means of transportation. Hendricks, L. (2010, September 29). Bike thieves in high gear, Az Daily Sun. This article was published in the Arizona Daily Sun, a newspaper which serves Northern Arizona and the Flagstaff district. The writer of the article was the assistant editor. As a consequence of the source of the information, it can be considered to be reliable and well researched because there are standards required of any reporter publishing in a newspaper. The author reports on the role that is played by the police in recovering bicycles stolen from Northern Arizona Unive rsity and an approach to reduce the number of bicycle thefts that are occurring. Thefts are common at the University, so much so that the police department has a separate category to track these as for other thefts. Officer Jerry Rintala comments that most thefts happen as a consequence of owners not locking up their bicycle as they only plan to be gone for a short period of time, or using poor quality locks, which are easy to remove with the use of bolt cutters. In an attempt to reduce this, the police and University security have initiated a campaign across campus to inform students about the benefits of using quality locks and keeping their bicycles locked when they are not in use. As it is a crime of opportunity, this has the potential to greatly reduce the number of bicycle thefts that are occurring. In addition, a bicycle registration service has been brought back to campus which is free to all student, faculty, and staff at the University. This involves registering the physic al description and the serial number of the bicycle, as well as a photo if desired, with the police, allowing them to identify the bicycle if it is found. The combination of these two techniques should result in the significant decrease in the number of bicycles that are stolen and an increase in both the likelihood and the speed in the bicycle being returned to its owner. Crime Prevention Unit. (2011). Don't let your bike get ripped off. Theft Prevention Retrieved October 13, 2011, from http://www.tempe.gov/cpu/bike%20theft.htm This article was published online on the website for the City of Tempe, Arizona, under the section of the Crime Prevention Unit, theft prevention. There is no author given for the short article, however, the fact that it hosted on the government website indicates that the tips which the articles give are in line with the standards recommended by the city authorities. Furthermore, the fact that the article is hosted on the Tempe City governmental site indicat es that the statistics that are given are likely to be correct. The City of Tempe has had severe problems with bicycle theft, with more than 650 reported stolen in 2010 alone. Like the Arizona State University, many of the thefts were a consequence of the bicycles not being locked. The city offers registration of bicycles through bicycle stores rather than through the police, with the aim of identifying the ownership of bicycles if they are recovered.  

AlNabulsi sweet company in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

AlNabulsi sweet company in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example AlNabulsi sweet company in Saudi Arabia AlNabulsi sweet company is that deals in production, marketing and distribution of sweets and other confectioneries with sweet production reaching up to 250 varieties of sweet products. (Sinha 2006, p.30). On that note, AlNabulsi sweet company generates up to $ 690 in annual sales of its sweet products. The corporate mission of the sweet company, which is nearly 120 years old, is to be the best sweet company in the world by satisfying its clients every day. Several business strategies have been adopted by AlNabulsi sweet company in its approach to efficient maximum production and increased profits. There are strategic choices that have been utilized in the past; others are used presently while there are plans targeted for the future. For example, there is inter-sourcing or outsourcing where the AlNabulsi sweet company determines the tasks to conduct inside and outside the organization. Another one is designing commodity strategy in which the Company establishes a well explained report of its purchases (Ahlstrom & Bruton 2009, p.375). On that note the company has several objectives that can help it achieve the above business strategies in the next 5 years. These objectives are attainable because of the several resources the company has such enough, human labor, machinery like sweet processing machines, skilled personnel and large number premises among others. These include: (a) Expansion Regionally Currently, AlNabulsi sweet company is f ound in more than 80 countries with supplies to more than about 100 million users. It plans to spread to more than 150 countries in the next five years. Similarly, the company targets nations with vibrant economy in the Middle East and other Arabian nations in Africa for its expansion such as Iraq, Pakistan, Iran, Egypt, Tunisia and Indonesia among others. Regional expansion in these countries boosts spending of consumers and thus increases the chances of the company in meeting its strategies (Sinha 2006, p.30).