tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19230035772141718172024-03-08T06:28:45.182-08:00Admission essay writing serviceTopic For An Comparative Analytical Essaylauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-28398346046449533152020-08-24T05:50:00.001-07:002020-08-24T05:50:08.810-07:00Comparison Of Memory Models Psychology EssayExamination Of Memory Models Psychology Essay This task is going to look at the multi-store model Atkinson and shiffrins (1968) and levels of preparing Craik and Lockhart (1972) there is proof to help the two hypotheses and proof against. The paper will right off the bat portray the multi-store model with a few investigations including Baddeley (1966) Peterson and Peterson (1959) and afterward a concise depiction of the degrees of preparing model with Craik and Tulvings(1971) and Tyler et al (1979) concentrates at that point will end with an assessment of the two models The multi-store model was the primary hypothesis of its sort, it was made to consider the manner in which memory is prepared, and how we hold and store data and why some data remains with us for our entire life and other data is lost. Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968) accepted that when we take care of data it at that point goes into various stores and this decides if the data gets encoded into our drawn out memory or transient memory. (Grahame Hill 2001) So right off the bat when data goes into our tangible store (tactile store meaning anything we contact, see , smell or hear) we have two or three seconds to take care of the data on the off chance that not the data will be lost everlastingly but rather whenever took care of, at that point it will become encoded into our transient memory . Anyway in any event, when data is in our momentary memory on the off chance that its not practiced, at that point it can in any case be uprooted yet on the off chance that practice has occurred, at that point its bound to be put away in our drawn out memory The Baddeley( 1966 ) study bolsters the multi-store model, he set out to accomplish data on climate encoding in transient memory was acoustic or semantic. He gave his subjects a rundown of four letter words. The rundowns were acoustically comparable and unique and semantically comparable and disparate. He at that point read out the words multiple times, following the subjects was given a rundown containing all the words he had perused out yet out of order their assignment was to rework the words once more into the right request this was to test the transient memory His members that had been given acoustically comparable had most exceedingly awful review with just 10% of review of words being in the right request and the remainder of the rundowns got a 60% to 80% review so along these lines momentary memory has better acoustic encoding recollections. So this examination underpins the multi-store that we have a momentary memory store. By and large the result is that multi-store model is the essential clarification of memory and is exceptionally oversimplified and Baddeleys hypothesis propose that the momentary memory is increasingly unpredictable.( Barbara woods 2004) Peterson and Peterson (1959 ) is additionally another hypothesis that bolsters Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 ) multi-store model with respect to momentary memory their trial tried the length of transient memory. They assembled various subjects and given them jabber trigrams ( ptr, rtw) they tried review following three second stretches and afterward tried review following eighteen second spans. This was to determine whether the data got encoded into their tactile store or transient memory.( wwwcom) Their finding was that the subjects got a more prominent review 90% on the three second span and just 2% on the eighteen second stretch. This demonstrated we have a poor recollections when we dont have a verbal practice which concurs with Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 ) hypothesis that you need to practice data for it to be encoded into our memory stores Additionally there is Craik and Lockharts (1968) model that proposes that practice isn't the main type of memory and that its increasingly unpredictable so they considered the profundities of preparing. This demonstrated by and by that the multi store model was excessively shortsighted. (Richard gross and Geoff rolls 2003) The multi-store model clarification is essential and it just clarifies encoding, stockpiling and recovery. Its an extremely shortsighted hypothesis that different physiologists have explained on. Baddeleys ( 1966) hypothesis bolstered the multi-store model that we have two separate memory stores present moment and long haul. The multi-store model doesn't clarify why we can recollect data in our momentary memory that we have not practiced. Levels of handling Levels of handling was made as an elective that tested Atkinson and shiffrins multi-store model Craik and Lockhart (1971) contended that practice alone couldn't clarify how individuals put away data in their drawn out memory, so they set out to demonstrate that data is increasingly significant when its progressively important. Craik and Lockhart (1971) accepted that it was down to how an individual handled this data; the more profound it gets imbedded then progressively chance that it will get encoded into the drawn out memory and that they was three sorts of continuing Organization, Distinctiveness and elaboration. To demonstrate this they did an examination. (Richard gross and Geoff rolls 2003) Craik and Tulving(1971) assembled various subjects and demonstrated them a rundown of 5 letter things and afterward posed inquiries about the words. Questions was in three unique styles case rhyme and sentence questions, case question; would be is the word in capitals, rhyme question; does the word cap rhyme with the word and in conclusion sentence question; would the word cap fit into the sentence; the .. Is down the road. The subjects could just answer yes or no to the inquiries. Craik and Tulving (1971) at that point contemplated the discoveries, survey the appropriate responses that the subjects have given to discover which has the more noteworthy review so there for a more profound degree of handling (Grahame slope 2001) (Richard gross and Geoff Rolls 2003) Their discoveries was agreeable to sentence addresses which falls under semantic preparing with the subjects recollecting 70% of the words so semantic handling has a superior review at that point rhyme question which is phonemic preparing with the subjects recollecting 35% of the words for review and shallow preparing the least with just 15% of the words being reviewed. So shallow preparing takes less contemplating and therefore the data will be more averse to be put away in your drawn out memory. Phonemic the subjects needed to contemplate the appropriate response, so a portion of the data got in encoded and semantic was the best generally speaking because of the way that the subjects needed to think considerably more so the data got encoded further so had the best review. (Nicky Hayes and sue Orrel 193l) Their are different examinations that have been made that have concurred and couldn't help contradicting Craik Lockhart(1971) hypothesis that its everything down to the profundity of preparing to which you get review . a hypothesis that couldn't help contradicting the hypothesis was Tyler et al (1979) He did an exploratory examination which included re-arranged words. two sets. One troublesome model rtoodc and one simple model doctro. Presently if Craik and Lockharts hypothesis was to be legitimized the subjects ought to have thought of a similar outcome as its a similar word so the profundity of the encoding ought to be the equivalent, so review ought to be the equivalent. The subjects showed signs of improvement review with the harder re-arranged word which recommends that the additional time you pay and exertion will improve review. Levels of handling considers the impacts of preparing not simply practice and expounds on more profound preparing, association, peculiarity and elaboration. Levels of handling gives us approaches to improve memory discovering data that is particular. A contention against this hypothesis is who characterizes what profound preparing is? Furthermore if semantic preparing produces better review in this manner semantic handling must be more profound prompting better review so its a roundabout contention. Memory is an intricate framework with a tremendous measure of different clinicians undertaking studies to attempt to discover a knowledge into how we recollect data. The multi-store model even thou its a fundamental and oversimplified it was an incredible first endeavor at getting memory and gave future analysts some place to begin from. Atkinson and Shiffrins (1978) model doesn't clarify why some data needn't bother with practice yet at the same time gets encoded into our memory. Anyway in any event, when practice has occurred, its not in every case enough to move the data from present moment to long haul memory store. In spite of the fact that with levels of handling the model is increasingly enlightening and investigates the various kinds of preparing. Be that as it may, the model doesn't clarify why these various sorts of handling lead to more readily review. Craik and Lockharts (1972) hypothesis likewise expect that semantic handling is more profound then phonemic however there is no proof to demonstrate this. In this manner the two models have shortcomings and both have proof that supports and backs up the models. The multi-store model is continually going to be the fundamental hypothesis that different analysts expand on and subsequently this task is more for the multi-store model at that point levels of handling because of the way that there is more proof to help that there is diverse memory stores and that when we get data it at that point gets encoded and whenever practiced quite possibly the data will at that point be put away into our present moment or long haul memory store. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-69651870573607208132020-08-22T00:40:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:40:13.895-07:00Getting cutPresentation Rejection is one of the excruciating encounters an individual particularly at the pre-adult age needs to experience. Ordinarily at youthful stage, youngsters are thinking about themselves as well as growing socially and monetarily. Confidence is the significant property an adolescent may handily lose while developing up.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Getting cut-dismissed or not getting what you need explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personally, when I was in the fourth grade, my folks constrained me to join a close by live-in school however my first experience or relationship with the new understudies and instructors shaped and inspired me into where I am today. Other than being dismissed because of horrible scores, I was overweight and in this way I couldn't handily investigate the extracurricular exercises, which left me damaged and forlorn. Nonetheless, how the dismissal assembled my confidence, force and future remained my in quiry. A gathered research directed positioned my school the most exceedingly awful in the town. My dad selected to enlist me to better performing school when contrasted with my past one. Notwithstanding, I never realized my exchange would stamp the defining moment in my life. The new school had some splendid egotistical understudies generally from rich families whom educators, supported, yet additionally adulated. Then again, I was from a low standard school with a poor order of English and overweight when contrasted with my schoolmates. Physical instruction was one of the extracurricular exercises every understudy needed to take an interest. Additionally, the school organization presented another sporting event, aerobatic exhibition in which each understudy regardless of the size foreseen locks in. Despite the fact that I weighed around fifty kilograms at just nine years of age, I had the inclination to partake in the game. Besides, I was shorter than the remainder of the understu dies. In this way, I was effectively noticeable during the game. Sadly, the trapeze artistry educator despised me. Actually, she needed to reprove me all the time because of my poor coordination during the exercises. I needed to continue on in light of the fact that it was required for all understudies to take an interest in the game. It was on a Friday evening not surprisingly, and all the understudies from the primary evaluation to fifth needed to present to the school the tumbling to the including the instructors. Because of my apprehension, I missed my coordination. Accordingly, the educator obtusely considered me a ââ¬Ëfat dumb pigââ¬â¢ for being both large and as the most exceedingly terrible entertainer in her group. Therefore, I needed to drop out of the game, as she taught me to make a few laps around the playing field regularly to empower me lose my weight. I obliged yet the most exceedingly awful was to come toward the finish of the term. I was the toward the end in my group upon the arrival of the assessment results, which was mortifying. The games teacher who was likewise my class courtesan transparently advised me to quit eating the school food since I was just becoming fatter and not performing great in class. Tears loaded up with dread and contempt streamed. I even mulled over on submitting suicide.Advertising Looking for article on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conviction I was a disappointment, dumb and a blockhead: an understudy with failure to hold anything both in class and open air, persuaded me to begin another life. The primary activity I took actually was to begin eating beneficial to chop down my weight. Besides, I needed to acknowledge and value my body to chop down the mental injury I was experiencing. Then again, I understood my poor character with different understudies added to my poor class execution. Inexplicably, subsequent to originating from my school occasion, I was somewhat lean contrasted with the past term. The fundamental inspiration of changing my life was to embarrassed and refute the individuals particularly educators who saw me as a disappointment. To perform better, I distinctly watched the best understudies in my group. Their conduct, development and perusing strategies merited recognizing. I even shaped a tight bond with one of them. Moreover, I chose to stop the aerobatic exhibition class by faking disorder and focusing on my examinations. In the subsequent term, I performed better however not at the highest point of the class, this quickened my inspiration to turn into the best in my group. At long last, in the mid-term tests, I was among the best three understudies in my group. Amazingly, my class fancy woman changed my sitting position since she trusted I duplicated my tests from my work area mate. By and by, toward the finish of the term, I turned into the best understudy in my group and even won the kind ness of a portion of the educators. Other than being glad for my accomplishment, I was enchanted for refuting my class special lady. From that point forward, I have never thought back in accomplishing what my heart wants particularly scholarly insightful. Right now, I am a new alumni roused to accomplish the best throughout everyday life. In this way, dismissal is a hindrance or boundary that gives the desire to exceed expectations throughout everyday life. In this way, greatness is my pride. In rundown, each individual needs to confront dismissal in any event once in her life yet the manner in which the person handles the circumstance decides her future. In spite of the fact that I was poor in both class and extracurricular exercises, I wound up vanquishing my snags to turn into a brilliant, knowledgeable and a solid individual in my life.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Getting cut-dismissed or not getting what you need explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11 /page Learn More This article on Getting cut-dismissed or not getting what you need was composed and presented by client Nora Ewing to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-91639402437506141012020-07-17T22:39:00.001-07:002020-07-17T22:39:03.348-07:00The Concept of Jungs Collective Unconscious ExplainedThe Concept of Jung's Collective Unconscious Explained Phobias Print Understanding the Collective Unconscious By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on December 13, 2019 More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types The collective unconscious is a concept originally defined by psychoanalyst Carl Jung and is sometimes called the objective psyche. It refers to the idea that a segment of the deepest unconscious mind is genetically inherited and is not shaped by personal experience. According to Jungs teachings, the collective unconscious is common to all human beings and is responsible for a number of deep-seated beliefs and instincts, such as spirituality, sexual behavior, and life and death instincts. Carl Jung Born in Switzerland in 1875, Carl Jung founded the school of analytical psychology. He is responsible for proposing and developing the psychological concepts of collective unconscious and archetypes, along with introverted and extroverted personality. Jung worked with Sigmund Freud, another prominent early psychologist. In his early studies, Jungs work affirmed many of Freuds ideas. As time went on, the two split in their principles of psychology. Jung contested Freuds principles of psychoanalysis. A big difference between their explanations of the unconscious is that Freud believed that the unconscious was the product of personal experiences, while Jung believed that the unconscious was the product of collective experiences inherited in the genes. The Theory Jungs theory on the collective unconscious was that it is made up of a collection of knowledge and imagery that every person is born with and is shared by all human beings due to ancestral experience. Although individuals do not know what thoughts and images are in their collective unconscious, it is thought that in moments of crisis the psyche can tap into the collective unconscious. Instincts and Archetypes Jung believed that the collective unconscious is made up of instincts and archetypes, that manifest basic and fundamental pre-existing images, symbols or forms, which are repressed by the conscious mind. Humans may not consciously know of these archetypes, but they hold strong feelings about them. According to Jung, these mythological images or cultural symbols are not static or fixed; instead, many different archetypes may overlap or combine at any given time. His theory was that humans are unconsciously aware of the implications of these archetypes because they are inherited. Some examples of archetypes that Jung proposed include: The motherBirthDeathRebirthThe animaPowerThe heroThe child Jung considered the mother archetype to be the most important. He thought the archetype not only manifested in the literal form of personal mother, grandmother, stepmother, mother-in-law, or nurse but also in the figurative form of mothers, including: Mary, Mother of GodThe churchCountryThe earthThe woodsThe seaA gardenA plowed fieldA spring or a well Jung believed that the mother archetype could contain positive aspects, such as motherly love and warmth, or negative aspects such as the terrible mother or goddess of fate. Complex Beliefs Deep-seated beliefs regarding spirituality and religion are explained as partially due to the collective unconscious. Jung was convinced that the similarity and universality of world religions pointed to religion as a manifestation of the collective unconscious. Similarly, morals, ethics, and concepts of fairness or right and wrong could be explained in the same way, with the collective unconscious as partially responsible. Phobias Genetic memory may explain specific phobias, a fear of a specific object, or of certain situations. Sometimes a phobia of snakes (ophidiophobia) manifests in children even when there is no apparent traumatic origin for their fear. For example, a study found that one-third of British children are afraid of snakes at age six, even though its rare to encounter a snake in the British Isles.?? The children had never come in contact with a snake in a traumatic situation, but snakes still generated an anxious response. Jung used his theory of the collective unconscious to explain such fears and social phobias. Fear of the dark, loud sounds, bridges, or blood may all be rooted in this collective unconscious, which is proposed as an inherited genetic trait. Dreams Dreams were thought to provide key insight into the collective unconscious. Jung believed that many symbolic objects and symbols have a universal or uniform meaning in dreams due to the archetypes represented. However, unlike his contemporary Sigmund Freud, Jung believed that dreams are highly personal, and dream interpretation requires knowing a great deal about the individual dreamer. Freud, on the other hand, often suggested that specific symbols represent specific unconscious thoughts. More than just being repressed wishes, Jung believed that dreams compensate for parts of the psyche that are underdeveloped in our waking lives. This allowed for the study of dreams as an instrument for research, diagnosis, and treatment for psychological conditions and phobias. Is It a Scientific Theory? Historically, there has been some debate around whether the collective unconscious requires a literal or symbolic interpretation. In scientific circles, a literal interpretation of the collective unconscious is thought to be a pseudoscientific theory. This is because it is difficult to scientifically prove that images of mythology and other cultural symbols are inherited and present at birth. Instead, a symbolic interpretation of the collective unconscious is thought to have some scientific grounding because of the belief that all humans share certain behavioral dispositions. New Research Into the Role of Gut Bacteria The collective unconscious is currently being examined in a different light. Psychiatric research is now looking at the role of bacteria in the collective unconscious. Genes in gut bacteria outnumber the genes in the human body, and these bacteria may produce neuroactive compounds. Its thought by some researchers that these neuroactive compounds may be part of the collective unconscious which regulates human behavior.?? If so, studies of gut microbes may be a very important part of the psychiatric research of the future. Jungs Theory of Personality and Learning Styles lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-3924876236382165782020-05-21T17:39:00.001-07:002020-05-21T17:39:05.609-07:00A Small Place Part 3 Rhetorical Analysis - 1373 Words A Small Place Part 3 Rhetorical Analysis A Small Place, a novel written by Jamaica Kincaid, is a story relating to the small country of Antigua and its dilemmas from Jamaica Kincaidââ¬â¢s point of view. In this novel Kincaid is trying to inform her audience that Antigua is in a poor state due to British imperial, government corruption, and tourism. Kincaid exposes her audience to the effect of these very problems in Antigua by using persuasive visual language. In the third part of Jamaica Kincaidââ¬â¢s A Small Place, Kincaid does an exceptional job in arguing that, her country Antigua has corrupt government officials due to British influence by appealing effectively to pathos, logos, and ethos. Antigua is a beautiful island in the Caribbean that got its name from Christopher Columbus in 1493 when he first visited the small 108 square mile island (Niddrie). Antigua was later colonized by England in 1632, and won its independence in 1981 (Niddrie). Antigua was originally a country that was planned as a slave-breeding colony, but never became one; the slaves who were imported came to live self-reliantly in their own community (Niddrie). After, Antigua gained its independence; it established a constitutional monarchy, where the British monarch is still head of state, represented by a governor general (Niddrie). Sadly, Antigua is an impoverished country that has a history of being a victim of British imperialism, government corruption, and tourism (Kincaid). Kincaid informs her audienceShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis of Thoreauââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Civil Disobedienceâ⬠1570 Words à |à 7 Pagesï » ¿AP Language Rhetorical Analysis of Thoreauââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Civil Disobedienceâ⬠Directions: Read ââ¬Å"Civil Disobedience.â⬠As you read, underline examples of Thoreau using rhetorical devices and identify and explain the devices via annotation. Answer questions 1-4 to prepare for further work with a small group. The group will work together on questions 5 through 8. Be ready to explain your answers to the whole class. Even when youââ¬â¢re working as a group you should be writing the answers. 1. 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We propose a new typology that distinguishes nine types of visual rhetorical figures according to their degree of complexity and ambiguity lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-20891563326240208192020-05-06T23:37:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:37:16.653-07:00Personal Statement Personal Finance - 1534 Words Personal Finance The most important part of having any success in your financial security is to have a sound financial plan. This is the process of managing your money to achieve personal economic satisfaction (pg. 5). Throughout this course I have learned many strategies that I will be able to use to gain financial security. Reading these chapters has helped me to realize that I do not have a good grip on my finances. I hope to take what I have learned and be in a more secure financial state that will be beneficial to me as well as my family. Financial Goals The most attainable goal right now to me will be working on a few short term goals that I can remove within the next year (pg. 11). I think by focusing on a few debts that can be paid off in a yearââ¬â¢s time will allow me to focus on the bigger things that seem to be weighing me down financially. I think many people get burdened down with small bills because we see something and immediately think we have to have it. This has led to my situation of having small bills that I can actually get rid of and save that money for more important things. I think that working on these short term goals will lead me into taking that next step up to working on the intermediate goals. Intermediate goals have a time frame of two to five years (pg.11). These types of debt may take longer to pay off and may prove to be the real struggle. I think in my case it seems so far down the road that I will never reach that goal. 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You have to analyse every aspect before making a just decision. A teacher of mine once told me that if you were good at art, you would be good at accounts. It was hard to find her logic at first, but after I choosing to take Principles of Accounts in SPM, it all began to make sense. You need logic; everything has a set order and method. Each piece is placed carefully and has a high significance amongst itsRead MorePersonal Financial Goals And Objectives Essay1044 Words à |à 5 Pagesnecessary when you are further from the set goal. When it comes to money, most individuals would love to manage their personal finances so that they achieve maximum satisfaction from each available currency. To achieve this goal, you must first identify the financial goals and set priorities. Personal financial planning is the process through which individual manages their finances to achieve maximum satisfaction. It does not matter if you are self-employed, highly paid executive or newly employedRead MorePersonal Financial Planning1579 Words à |à 7 Pages | | |2011-2012 Academic Year | ADM 3445 (FR01B) Personal Financial Planning Course Outline Instructor: E. Otuteye Term: Winter 2012 Office: SH 362 Day(s): W Phone: 506 458-7354 Time: 7:00-9:50pm Email: otuteye@unb.ca Classroom: SH 161 Office hours: Th, F 2:00 ââ¬â 3:00; lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-76797040619987515272020-05-06T08:19:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:19:47.697-07:00Bicol University College of Education Daraga Case Study Free Essays string(47) " to school and from school back to their home\." Bicol University College of Education Daraga, Albay Case Study: A Child with Learning Disability Presented to Professor Hennie Pama-Lomibao Associate Professor IV 2nd Sem. S. Y. We will write a custom essay sample on Bicol University College of Education Daraga Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2012-2013 Presented by: Rannel B. Buenabajo Carmen B. Barlizo Jessere T. Marco Primerose M. Arevalo Cindy R. Mangampo Introduction A learning disability is a neurological disorder. In simple terms, a learning disability results from a difference in the way a personââ¬â¢s brain is ââ¬Å"wired. It also refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, mathematical and motor abilities. There is no one sign that shows a person has a learning disability. Experts look for a noticeable difference between how well a child does in school and how well he or she could do, given his or her intelligence or ability. There are also certain clues that may mean a child has a learning disability. Most of them relates to elementary school tasks, because learning disabilities tend to be identified in elementary school. However, if a child shows a number of these problems, then parents and the teacher should consider the possibility that the child has a learning disability. When a child has learning disability he or she may have trouble earning the alphabet, rhyming words, or connecting letters to their sounds, may make many mistakes when reading aloud, and repeat and pause often, may not understand what he or she reads, may have real trouble with spelling, may have very messy handwriting or hold a pencil awkwardly, may struggle to express ideas in writing, may learn language late and have a limited vocabulary, may have trouble remembering the sounds that letters make or hearing slight differences between words, may have trouble understanding jokes, comic strips, and sarcasm, may have trouble following directions, may mispronounce words or use a wrong word that sounds similar, may have trouble organizing what he or she wants to say or not be able to think of the word he or she needs for writing or conversation, may not follow the social rules of conversation, such as taking turns, and may stand too close to the listener, may confuse math symbols and misread numbers, may not be able to retell a story in order (what happened first, second, third), or may not know where to begin a task or how to go on from there. Difficulty with basic reading and language skills are the most common learning disabilities. As many as 80% of students with learning disabilities have reading problems, learning disabilities often run in families, learning disabilities should not be confused with other disabilities such as autism, intellectual disability, deafness, blindness, and behavioral disorders. None of these conditions are learning disabilities. In addition, they should not be confused with lack of educational opportunities like frequent changes of schools or attendance problems. There are different types of learning disabilities and they are classified to what particular disability. The most common types are Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, and Auditory and Visual Processing Disorders. The causes of Learning Disabilities are attributed to genetic, environmental factors and acquired trauma. The genetic factors refer to the characteristics that are inherited through the genes. Studies of identical or monozygotic twins, where one fertilized egg cell splits and develops into two separate embryos, show that when one twin has a reading disability, the other twin is more likely also to have a reading disability. Identical twins possess the same physical and mental traits. However, research shows that this is not true in the case of fraternal or dizygotic twins. Environmental influences refers to inadequate and poor learning environment that contribute significantly to the learning and behavior of many LD students (Gersten, Wood Ward and Darch, 1986, Wallace and Mclaughtin,1988). Acquired trauma is the injury to the central nervous system that originates outside the individuals result in learning disorders. 136, 525 with special need enrolled in school (2002-2003). (15. 19 %) were gifted and fast learners and 66, 635 (48. 81%) had disabilities. 75% ââ¬â 80% of special education students identified as LD they have their basic deficits in language and reading; Source: National Institutes of Health. According to DepEd: learning disabilities affect 40,000 Filipino school children and the majority of these are boys. Motor Development In the first year of life, infants begin to gain control over movements. They begin to control their head movements, reach out and grasp objects, roll, sit, and crawl and hold cups or bottles to be able to eat. Then go on walking, running, climbing upstairs, using spoon and fork, and dressing themselves. Motor development only happens when the child is biologically and mentally ready for it. It progresses from gross motor skills to fine motor skills. Motor development progression start from top to the toe and from the center out. Ideally this means that head and shoulder movements should be practiced and mastered before hand and fine fingers movements attempted. Motor development patterns or task does not mean that it will improve or developed other motor skills. The motor skills of a child develop in their own pace, some develop in the early age, and others are delayed and have difficulties in controlling both their fine and gross motor skills. Children can do different activities. They are aware with their body, have muscle coordination, balance, manual dexterity and eye-hand coordination. Like them, Lyka can also do the same. She can perform some basic movements like moving from one place to another, walking, jumping, running, etc. She already knows how to write, grasp and hold objects. During the days of our home and school visit, we noticed how her muscle works, like when she holds and used her pencils, pen and crayons. She has a dominant right hand and properly holds her pencils with her thumb and two fingers. She writes properly using her pencil and crayons. She walks from home to school and from school back to their home. You read "Bicol University College of Education Daraga Case Study" in category "Essay examples" We observed how fast she runs up stairs, how she skips and stands with her tip toe, stand with one foot and stands on the table and chair. She can also dance gracefully. She donââ¬â¢t have problems in performing tasks especially with her hands; we saw how she use and holds some kitchen utensils like the plate, spoon and cup. She can also manipulate objects such as blocks and beads draw some pictures like flowers, ball, and basic shapes like circle, triangle, square, and rectangle. Lyka has a well fine motor skill that was shown in her hand written. Social and Emotional Development Many students with learning disabilities have social and emotional behaviour problems in addition to the usual difficulties in language, reading and mathematics. The student with social problems may be unable to behave appropriately with peers and in other social situation. Whereas social problems involved interaction with others, emotional problems are generally considered to be within the person. Problems in the social and emotional areas overlap in the learning disabled. For example the student with a poor self-concept may withdraw from social interaction with peers and adults. Although it is not always apparent whether social and emotional problems are contributing to the studentââ¬â¢s academic difficulties. These aspects of behaviour are usually counterproductive to learning and thus limit academic success. Moreover, learning disabilities cause the students to faced academic failure and frustration. However, in the case of Lyka these behaviours are not present. She is a very sociable girl and friendly; she always wears a smile on her face. She can handle her emotion. She will act what she feels. She expresses what she wants and what do not want so that she can be understood by others. For example; when she wants to buy food, she expresses it to her mother and beg for it until her mother buys it. She plays with her classmates, runs if they do, and laughs and mingles with them. She smiles often and share what she have like her toys, books, crayons and papers and even her snacks. She asks the help of her parents and sisters frequently where to find things when she doesnââ¬â¢t know like when she misplaced her things (pencil, eraser etc. ). She is aware of the good manners and right conduct. She uses respectful words especially if she is talking to the elder people like saying ââ¬Å"po, opo, tabi, kuya and ateâ⬠she make ââ¬Å"manoâ⬠in her grandmother, parents and other elder ones. She talks and answers politely. Sometimes when she is having a conversation with one of our group mates (NEL), the attentiveness and the activeness can be seen and the word ââ¬Å"kuyaâ⬠is not forgotten. Onetime when we are asked by her parent to attend to her elder sisterââ¬â¢s birthday celebration, we see how Lyka entertains her sisterââ¬â¢s visitors without any sign of shyness. She took pictures of her sisterââ¬â¢s classmates using the camera and the cell phone. She wants to make her sisterââ¬â¢s visitors feel at home. It seems that she donââ¬â¢t feel any embarrassment in front of the unfamiliar faces,. She acts like thereââ¬â¢s no other person in their house. She has the initiative to help her mother in some household chores that is easy for her to do like sweeping the floor, washing the dishes and picking up used papers and trash that were scattered. In fact at school we saw her arranging the chairs and sweeping the floor. She obeys when she is asked by her mother to do something like taking care of their sari-sari store. Cognitive and Language Development Hallaghen, Kauffman and Lloyd (1985) LD have more difficulty in memory processes than their handicapped peer. The memory problems of the learning disabled are attributed to the limited use of cognitive strategies (organization, rehearsal) that handicapped learnersââ¬â¢ strategies; their performance is similar to that of non handicapped peers. Tongesen and Kail (1980) add that LD students may have difficulty remembering because of their poor language skills. Thus verbal material may be particularly difficult to remember. 50 % of LD individuals have language and speech problems (Marge, 1972), which may account for the increasing interest in language disorders (Wiig and Semels, 1984). Language and speech difficulties reflect deficient skills in oral expression and listening comprehension. Because language skills and academic functioning are closely related, confusion exists concerning the diagnostic and instructional roles of language clinicians and LD specialist. Just like Lyka who frequently exhibits memory difficulties. She seems to know something one day but forgets it the next day. ââ¬Å"She doesnââ¬â¢t seem to remember what she learns. Just like our names, at first sheââ¬â¢ll remember it but forget it in the following day. A seven-year-old child should have mastered the consonants s-z, r, voiceless th, ch, wh, and the soft g as in George. Should handle opposite analogies easily: girl-boy, man-woman, flies-swims, blunt-sharp short-long, sweet-sour, etc. Understand such terms as: alike, different, beginning, end, etc. Should be able to do simple reading and to write or print many words. However, Lyka, who is a seven year old, cannot properly pronounce letters such as R, K, th and ch. According to her teacher, Lyka has difficulty in reading. She only pretends to read during oral reading. Her teacher added that she only reads through her lips imitating the sound she heard from her classmates. She is confused to pronounce letters B and D, P and T. She mispronounces letters D, B, K, T, and P. Sometimes she pronounced D as B and B as D. She can only pronounce common words such as mama and papa, during mother tongue lessons; she can recognize also letters and pronounce it correctly such as M, S, H and O. Lyka cannot identify rhyming words yet she can identify beginning sounds of common words like ma, pa, ate. She cannot even divide words into syllables. Even when there are giving syllables to form a word she cannot do it. She is unable to spell words correctly. She speaks in incomplete sentences like, ââ¬Å"punta ka bahay? â⬠, ââ¬Å"san kuya Narrel? â⬠and one time when we visit in their house she said that ââ¬Å"Ate punta kayu amin, kayu sundo amin. â⬠Lyka can easily recognize numbers and count as well. She can compare numbers and find which figure has greater amount. She can draw shapes but unable to determine its name except triangle and square. She is inattentive and keeps on looking around during storytelling. When the story tellers ask questions, she can answer the questions but in incomplete sentence. Sometimes she is unable to answer because she cannot recall the information. She cannot answer questions that require higher order thinking skills. But she can follow oral instruction like when we ask her to raise her hands if she wants to answer. Personal and Self-help Development ââ¬Å"Personality develops based on his extensive experience in psychotherapy with children and adolescents from low, upper, and middle-class backgroundsâ⬠Erik Erikson once said. Personality is what makes a person a unique individual, and it is recognizable soon after birth. The personality of a person is might be influence by his peers, his environment and through her socialization and interaction with others. Children have different personality from each other. They might be similar in some ways but there is a big difference when we get to know it. Lyka can easily adjust to her surroundings and even there are new unfamiliar faces. Lyka is not so timid but not so interactive as well. But she can do things without being bothered by the new faces around her. When we gave her a set of crayons and coloring book, she excitedly colored the book. However, you can see that she canââ¬â¢t decide alone to what color she will use. She frequently asked us if what color she should use to ensure that she will not commit mistake. There is a time when we see her helping her classmates in cleaning the room. She goes to school early, she do her home works and she follows the school and class rules. After using her thing she fixed it with her own, like when she got bored in coloring her book, she clean up her mess and fixed her things then put it in the proper place. Lyka can take care of herself; she can take a bath and prepare herself to school. But because of the distance of their home from the school, their mother ensures her safety so she always goes with Lyka to the school and fetches her after class. According to Lyka she can do her projects with her own but there was a time that she asked her parents to help her especially if she find it hard to do. When we visit Lyka at the school, teacher Aileen shows us some of her projects. Some of them are authentically made by her but there is one project that Lykaââ¬â¢s mother made, a valentine decor that was hang near the bulletin board. Lyka is not aware of healthy food in fact, when we go with Ate Aida to fetch her we saw that she buys junk food in the store without thinking the risk she will get from it. But Lyka is concern to her personal hygiene. Every time she feels that sheââ¬â¢s already stinky and dirty, she changes up her dress. Lyka is aware that she might get hit by the passing automobile thatââ¬â¢s why she ensures that she tightly holds the hand of her mother when they cross the street. Teacher Conference According to her teacher (Teacher Aileen L. Conda) Lyka has an unusual short attention span and doesnââ¬â¢t like reading. She cannot easily catch up to the lesson that is why she needs more time for her to absorb the lesson. During reading activity Lyka pretends to read though she canââ¬â¢t. She just read through her lips and after a while, she will stop and just stares at the words flashing in front of her and do nothing. After that her eyes will start to look around. Teacher Aileen added that this particular behavior of Lyka occurs when it is reading period and the subject allows her to read sentences/short stories. This behavior lasts mostly 15 minutes. She denotes that this particular behavior is not a very serious case. If she will just pay attention and tried harder, she could read but she chooses not to do it. The said behaviors least likely occur when the subject is interesting especially if it is Math. According to Teacher Aileen also, Lyka find reading difficult so who ever teach her to read Lyka really find it hard for her to learn. When series of words have been flashing in front of her, she becomes confused and find it difficult to blend the sounds and read it as a word. Her difficulty in reading obviously seen every time the class start to read and she just stop reading and her eyes will start to wonder. Teacher Aileen also included that one time, after the class have finished reading, she call Lykaââ¬â¢s attention and asked her why she didnââ¬â¢t read, she will not response and her eyes avoid to look at her directions. Lykaââ¬â¢s body becomes stiff and sometimes when she asked Lyka to stand because she will teach it to read, she doesnââ¬â¢t get any response and sometimes she pout and cries. Lyka can write even long sentences but the problem is she doesnââ¬â¢t able to read what she have wrote. She find it hard to recognized rhyming words. Teacher Aileen suggested that both the regular and SPEd teacher in cooperation with the parents can create an intervention plan tailored to her specific needs. Parent Conference As we talk to Lykaââ¬â¢s mother, Mrs. Aida, she told us that when she read to her daughter Lyka she notice that Lyka is easily get bored especially when the words are repeatedly told. Lyka will said, ââ¬Å"paulit-ulit na lang! â⬠Lyka become inattentive if she is exposed to many words when her mother tries to teach her. When she read to Lyka using the MTB (Mother Tongue Based) Manual, Lyka found it hard to read. She cannot read if Lykaââ¬â¢s mother did not first pronounce the words. She did not recognize simple words like ââ¬Å"basoâ⬠and unable to read and pronounce simple syllable. When she tried to read to Lyka one syllable like ââ¬Å"sa,se,si,so,suâ⬠she can say it but later on as she introduce another set of syllables she did not recognize the first syllable anymore. She can only read syllables or words if her mother read with her and she found it difficult if she reads with her own. There are omitted letters on her writings. Lykaââ¬â¢s mother told us that she is sociable; she does not choose whom to play with. Mrs. Aida point out that when Lykaââ¬â¢s playmate hit her, she will hit back that particular child. Lykaââ¬â¢s mother added that every time her things are being used without her permission she pout and put back again her things in order. Because of the busy schedule of Lykaââ¬â¢s father we didnââ¬â¢t have a chance to talk with her, but according to Mrs. Aida he helps her daughter to do her home works like when there are activities concerns to drawing. But he never had a chance to teach his daughter to read because of his works. Mrs. Aida added that Lyka is an obedient child; she listens if she told to, she obeys whatever her mother asks her. Mrs. Aida is concern to her child. She wants that Lyka to learn to read. She teaches Lyka to read if she has a time, but Lyka is very inattentive. She is easily disturbed especially if there are children playing in their house. Conclusions Based from the gathered data, the researchers find out the following conclusions: â⬠¢Lyka can do mathematical problems. She is able to add and subtract simple equation. Also, she can count numbers from 1-30 consistently. â⬠¢In terms of her social and emotional concerns, she is ociable and can handle her feelings, often play with her classmates and friends. She laughs with them, interacts with them and shares food to them. She talks much and says whatever she wanted. She behaves well at school. She remains seated during class discussion. She follows c lassroom rules and regulations. â⬠¢She has a short attention span. She got easily bored when doing something. Sometimes she was distracted that is why she canââ¬â¢t finish specific tasks. â⬠¢She has well fine motor skills. She holds pencil and crayons properly and writes neatly. She can draw basic shapes and simple objects but unable to name some. She can do gross motor skills such as walking running, jumping, skipping and balancing. She can also dance and move her body. â⬠¢She speaks with omitted words in the sentence. She finds it hard to remember and therefore produce correct sounds of letters/ words. She has trouble learning the alphabet that is why she has trouble understanding written words. She frequently mispronounces words. â⬠¢She has difficulty in reading. Yes, she can write letters and words but unable to pronounce and name it. She canââ¬â¢t remember long sentences and oftentimes forget what she has learned like our names. â⬠¢She listens but most of the time becomes inattentive. Her focus shifted to something that catches her attention. She cannot focus on one specific task. She might have difficulty in reasoning because she cannot be able to express her ideas example based from the story heard. She cannot answer questions that require higher order thinking skills. ââ¬Å" Learning disability is a disorder that is manifested by significance difficulties in the acquisition and use of list ening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning and mathematical abilities( Hammill, Leigh, Mcnutt and Larser, 1981)â⬠However, based from the above conclusions, we found out that in the case of lyka, she has only learning disability in some areas; her reading, speaking and listening skills and probably to have problems in reasoning skill. Problems in Reading are manifested in a variety of ways. It could be word recognition errors (omission, insertion, etc. , reading habits (tension, movements, etc. ) and comprehension errors. She often omits words, only when she was and sometimes in writing. Lyka, during reading period start to wander and stare only at the words and she cannot even recall some facts from story heard. Torgesen and Kail (1980) denotes that learning disabled children /students may have difficulty remembering because of their poor language skills. Thus, verbal material may be particularly difficult to remember. Speaking is present to Lykaââ¬â¢s disability. This is manifested in her verbal communication. She speaks in incomplete sentences. Thus, she frequently omits words when talking. Marge (1972) accounts that learning disabled individuals have language and speech disorders which lead to an increasing interest in language disorders (Wiig and Semels, 1984). Language and speech difficulties reflect deficient skills in oral expression and listening comprehension. In Lykaââ¬â¢s case, she reflects deficient skills in oral expression and listening comprehension. She is able to communicate orally but language lack in pragmatic competence. The structures on sentences are incorrect and often mispronounce uttered words. She has difficulty in her listening comprehension. Fleisher, Soodak and Selin (1984) reported that attention deficits have much fact validity; teacher can readily recall students with learning disability who had difficulty paying attention. Lykaââ¬â¢s attention is short that is why she has problems in listening comprehension and she does not able to absorb information due to inattentiveness. Lyka might probably have difficulty in reasoning skills. ââ¬Å"Many students with learning disabilities have weaknesses in abstract reasoning and can benefit from direct instruction in problem-solving skills. They may also benefit from language therapy to help them learn to use language to understand and solve problemsâ⬠(Article of Ann Logsdon). Lyka canââ¬â¢t answer questions that require higher order thinking skills. The manifestation of learning disability in writing and mathematics are not present to Lyka. Actually she doesnââ¬â¢t have difficulty in writing and mathematics. She can write her name, short or long sentences neatly and can solve simple mathematical problems like basic addition and subtraction. Thus, she has learning disability in reading, speaking and listening skills. Interventions to learning disabled children Multi sensory approach referred to as VAKT (visual, auditory, kinesthetic and tactile) learning is facilitated for some students if information received through several senses rather than just one or two senses. Fernald Method stresses whole word learning. To provide an independent study method for students who have extreme difficulty retaining sight words and their spelling. This procedure may be integrated into other reading/spelling methods for students who do not seem to be able to re-visualize words for writing or who do not retain the association between printed words and their spoken equivalents. Gillingham-Stillman (1966) Method, feature sound blending, the process of teaching isolated sound and blending them into a word. Language Program and Materials Clinical Language Intervention Program (Semel and Wiig, 1982), used to teaches semantics, syntax, memory, and pragmatics to students. Letââ¬â¢s Talk: Developing Pro-social Communication Skills (Wiig 1982), develop and strengthen the pro social communication skills of students. Direct remediation (Auditory Training), Auditory training that targets bottom-up activities that maximize neuroplasticity and can be formal (i. e. , in a sound-treated booth with acoustically controlled stimuli) or informal (in home or school setting using targeted games and activities). References Books ââ¬Å"Bangs, Tina E. ââ¬Å"Language and Learning Disorder of the Pre-academic Child with curriculum guideâ⬠New Jersey:Prentice Hall Inc. , 1982 Harring, Norris G. ââ¬Å"Exceptional Children and youthâ⬠(5th Edition) Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company, 1990 Stanley Johnson W, Robert L. Morasky ââ¬Å"learning Disabilitiesâ⬠(Second Edition) Boston Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon Inc. , 1980 Inciong, Teresita G. , Yolanda S. Quijano, Yolanda T. Capulong, Julieta A. Gregorio, Adelaida C. Gines. Introduction To special Educationâ⬠Philippines: Rex Book Store Inc. 2007 Electronic media http://www. angelfire. com/folk/personalitydev http://www. bhcmhmr. org/poc/view_doc. php? type=docid=12757cn=462 http://www. ldhope. com/statistics. html www. Interaksyon. com/article/33676/no-such-thing-as-bobo http://childdevelopmentinfo. com/child-development/language_development. shtml http://www. jstor. org/discover/pgs/index? id=10. 2307/1169734img=dtc. 22. tif. gifuid=3738824uid=2uid=4sid=21101780942871orig=/discover/10. 2307/1169734? uid=3738824uid=2uid=4sid=21101780942871 http://www. ehow. com/about_5530836_meaning-cognitive-disorder. html Documentation How to cite Bicol University College of Education Daraga Case Study, Free Case study samples lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-1791693622774451232020-04-25T20:33:00.001-07:002020-04-25T20:33:02.055-07:00Jack Kerouac And The Beat Movement Essays - , Term Papers Jack Kerouac And The Beat Movement ?World War II marked a wide dividing line between the old and the new in American society and the nation's literature?(The World Book Encyclopedia 427) . When world War II ended there was a pent up desire that had been postponed due to the war. Post war America brought about a time when it seemed that every young man was doing the same thing, getting a job, settling down and starting a family. America was becoming a nation of consumers. One group that was against conforming to this dull American lifestyle was referred to as ?Beatniks'. ?The Beats or Beatniks condemned middle class American life as morally bankrupt. They praised individualism as the highest human goal?(The World Book Encyclopedia 428). This perspective was present in poetry and literature through out the beat movement. One of the most important works produced during the beat movement was Jack Kerouac's On The Road. In the novel Jack Kerouac's alter ego Sal Paradise represents the American man who realizes he doesn't want to conform to societies pressures but still hasn't realized what it is exactly he wants to do. He is a man who has very little direction and is very much lost in the world as he knows it. Kerouac seems to be constantly trying to escape. In examining the novel one might wonder what is Kerouac escaping and by what means does he do so? Kerouac used two means of escape through out the novel and through out his life. His first means of escape was his constant travel. He traveled from east to west, New York to San Francisco and stopped everywhere in between. He made this trip over and over, constantly on the road. The simple title of the novel exemplifies Kerouac's ongoing need to travel. When he and his friends got tried of traveling east to west they traveled north to south, driving all the way down to Mexico City. His travels gave him the opportunity to be an outsider with no worries. He was able to witness and observe all that there was to offer throughout the country. While journeying across the states, staying in small towns for no more than a few nights, Kerouac was able to obtain a life with no commitment or responsibility. Even if he was to make some sort of commitment to one of his many girls along the way, it wasn't unlike him to just pick up and leave. After all the only thing people around seemed to know about him was that he liked to drink. This leads to the other form of escape Kerouac used, the alteration of reality. Kerouac would mentally alter his perception of reality through the use of drugs and alcohol. ?I was getting drunk and didn't care; everything was fine?(Kerouac 35). To him everything in life was fine as long as he was drunk. ?He was beginning to drink heavily, and to drink whiskey and gin instead of just beer ?(Nicosia 96). ?That was only the beginning of his disillusionment. Jack began taking benzedrine and smoking marijuana?(Nicosia 102). Having the means by which he escapes, the question still remains what is Kerouac trying to escape? In order to understand this we must explore some of Jack's personal issues. A issue concerning Kerouac that is very often eluded to but never really spoken about in On The Road is his possible homosexuality. While Jack never actually ?came out' about his sexuality, his close friends would often witness ?Jack's participation in endless rounds of sex with both men and women?(Nicosia 102). Kerouac's homosexual tendencies caused an overriding psychological conflict: Kerouac was gay but despised homosexuals. ?Jack talked incessantly about all the ?big old fags' he knew?(Nicosia 493). Even though Kerouac would have homosexual encounters, he felt a private guilt over his homosexual feelings. In an attempt to ease his guilt Jack would denounce homosexuality, saying that ?gay sex is not in my line?(Nicosia 142). Jack was obviously ashamed of his homosexual experiences and ?fought all his life against the label queer?(Nicosia 154). In 1945, he wrote a letter to Allen Ginsberg trying to resolve the issue of his possible homosexuality. He stated that ?the physical lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-63785297634332971892020-03-18T11:39:00.001-07:002020-03-18T11:39:02.853-07:00Saul AlinskySaul Alinsky Saul Alinsky was a political activist and organizer whose work on behalf of poor residents of American cities brought him recognition in the 1960s. He published a book, Rules For Radicals, which appeared in the heated political environment of 1971à and went on to become familiar over the years mostly to those who study political science. Alinsky, who died in 1972, was perhaps destined to fade into obscurity. Yet his name unexpectedly surfacedà with some degree of prominence during high-profile political campaigns in recent years. Alinskysà reputed influence as an organizer has been wielded as a weapon against current political figures, most notably Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. Alinsky was known to manyà in the 1960s. In 1966 the New York Times Magazine published a profile of him titled Making Trouble Is Alinskys Business, a lofty credential for any social activist at the time. And his involvement in various actions, including strikes and protests, received media coverage. Hillary Clinton, as a student at Wellesley College, wrote a senior thesis about Alinskys activism and writings. When she ran for president in 2016 she was attacked for supposedly being a disciple of Alinsky, despite having disagreed with some of the tactics he advocated. Despite the negative attention Alinsky has received in recent years, he was generally respected in his own time. He worked with clergymen and business owners and in his writings and speeches, he stressed self-reliance. Though a self-proclaimed radical, Alinskyà considered himself a patriot and urged Americans to take greater responsibility in society. Those who worked with him recall a man with a sharp mind and a sense of humor who was genuinely concerned with helping those who, he believed, were not being treated fairly in society. Early Life Saul David Alinsky was born in Chicago, Illinois, on January 30, 1909. His parents, who were Russian Jewish immigrants, divorced when he was 13, and Alinsky moved to Los Angeles with his father. He returned to Chicago to attend the University of Chicago, and received a degree in archaeology in 1930. After winning a fellowship to continue his education, Alinsky studied criminology. In 1931, he began to work for the Illinois state government as a sociologist studying topics including juvenile delinquency and organized crime. That work provided a practical education in the problems of urban neighborhoods in the depths of the Great Depression. Activism After several years, Alinsky left his government post to become involved in citizen activism. He co-founded an organization, the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council, which was focused on bringing about political reform that would improve life in the ethnically diverse neighborhoods adjacent to the famous Chicago stockyards. The organization worked with clergy members, union officials, local business owners, and neighborhood groups to combat problems such as unemployment, insufficient housing, and juvenile delinquency. The Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council, which still exists today, was largely successful in bringing attention to local problems and seeking solutions from the Chicago city government. Following that progress, Alinsky, with funding from the Marshallà Field Foundation, a prominent Chicago charity, launched a more ambitious organization, the Industrial Areas Foundation. The new organization was intended to bring organized action to a variety of neighborhoods in Chicago. Alinsky, as executive director, urged citizens to organize to address grievances. And he advocated protest actions. In 1946, Alinsky published his first book Reveille For Radicals. He argued that democracy would function best if people organized in groups, generally in their own neighborhoods. With organization and leadership, they could then exert political power in positive ways. Though Alinsky proudly used the term radical, he was advocating legal protest within the existing system. In the late 1940s, Chicago experienced racial tensions, as African Americans who had migrated from the South began to settle in the city. In December 1946 Alinskys status as an expert on Chicagos social issues was reflected in an article in the New York Times in which he expressed his fears that Chicago might erupt in major race riots. In 1949 Alinsky published a second book, a biography of John L. Lewis, a prominent labor leader. In a New York Times review of the book, the newspapers labor correspondent called it entertaining and lively, but criticized it for overstating Lewiss desire to challenge Congress and various presidents.à Spreading His Ideas Throughout the 1950s, Alinsky continued his work in trying to improve neighborhoods which he believed mainstream society was ignoring. He began to travel beyond Chicago, spreading his style of advocacy, which centered on protest actions which would pressure, or embarrass, governments to tend to critical issues. As the social changes of the 1960s began to shake America, Alinsky was often critical of young activists. He constantly urged them to organize, telling them that although it was often boring daily work, it would provide benefits in the long run. He told young people not to wait around for a leader with charisma to emerge, but to get involved themselves. As the United States grappled with the problems of poverty and slum neighborhoods, Alinskys ideas seemed to hold promise. He was invited to organize in the barrios of California as well as in poor neighborhoods in cities in upstate New York. Alinsky was often critical of government anti-poverty programs and often found himself at odds with Great Society programs of Lyndon Johnsons administration. He also experienced conflicts with organizations who had invited him to participate in their own anti-poverty programs. In 1965, Alinskys abrasive nature was one of the reasons Syracuse University chose to cut ties with him. In a newspaper interview at the time, Alinsky said: Ive never treated anyone with reverence. That goes for religious leaders, mayors, and millionaires. I think irreverence is basic to a free society. The New York Times Magazine article about him, published on October 10, 1966, quoted what Alinsky would often say to those he sought to organize: The only way to upset the power structure is to goad them, confuse them, irritate them, and most of all, make them live by their own rules. If you make them live by their own rules, youll destroy them. The October 1966 article also described his tactics: In a quarter-century as a professional slum organizer, Alinsky, who is 57, has goaded, confused, and infuriated the power structures of two score communities. In the process he has perfected what social scientists now call Alinsky-type protest, an explosive mixture of rigid discipline, brilliant showmanship, and a street fighters instinct for ruthlessly exploiting his enemys weakness.Alinsky has proved that the fastest way for slum tenants to get results is to picket their landlords suburban homes with signs reading: Your Neighbor Is A Slumlord. As the 1960s went on, Alinskys tactics delivered mixed results, and some localities which had invited were disappointed. In 1971 he published Rules For Radicals, his third and final book. In it, he provides advice for political action and organizing. The book is written in his distinctively irreverent voice, and is filled with entertaining stories that illustrate the lessons he learned over decades of organizing in various communities. On June 12, 1972, Alinskyà died of a heart attack at his home in Carmel, California. Obituaries noted his long career as an organizer. Emergence as a Political Weapon After Alinskys death, some organizations he worked with continued. And Rules For Radicalsà became something of a textbook for those interested in community organizing. Alinsky himself, however, generally faded from memory, especially when compared to other figures Americans recalled from the socially turbulent 1960s. The relative obscurity of Alinsky abruptlyà ended when Hillary Clinton entered electoral politics. When her opponents discovered that she had written her thesis on Alinsky, they became eager to link her to the long-dead self-professed radical. It was true that Clinton, as a college student, had corresponded with Alinsky, and had written a thesis about his work (which purportedly disagreed with his tactics). At one point, a young Hillary Clinton was even invited to work for Alinsky. But she tended to believe that his tactics were too outside the system, and she chose to attend law school rather than join one of his organizations. The weaponizing of Alinskys reputation accelerated when Barack Obama ran for president in 2008. His few years as a community organizer in Chicago seemed to mirror Alinskys career. Obama and Alinsky never had any contact, of course, as Alinsky died when Obama was not yet in his teens. And the organizations Obama worked for were not those founded by Alinsky. In the 2012 campaign, the name of Alinsky surfaced again as an attack against President Obama as he ran for reelection. And in 2016, at the Republican National Convention, Dr. Ben Carson invoked Alinsky in a peculiar accusation against Hillary Clinton. Carson claimed that Rules For Radicals had been dedicated to Lucifer, which was not accurate. (The book was dedicated to Alinskys wife, Irene; Lucifer was mentioned in passing in a series of epigraphs pointing out historic traditions of protest.) The emergence of Alinskys reputation as essentially a smear tactic to use against political opponents has only given him great prominence, of course. HIs two instructional books, Reveille for Radicals and Rules For Radicals remain in print in paperback editions. Given his irreverent sense of humor, he would probably consider the attacks upon his name from the radical right to be a great compliment. And his legacy as someone who sought to shake up the system seems secure. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-87307126053240853312020-03-02T03:25:00.001-08:002020-03-02T03:25:04.953-08:00History and Evolution of the Smart PillHistory and Evolution of the Smart Pill The name of smart pill now refers to any pill that can deliver or control its delivery of medicine without the patient having to take action beyond the initial swallow. The phrase smart pill became popular after the computer controlled medical device was patented by Jerome Schentag and David DAndrea, and named one of the top inventions of 1992 by Popular Science magazine. However, now the name has become generic and many companies are using the name smart pill.à History of the Smart Pill Jerome Schentag, professor of pharmaceutic science at the University of Buffalo, invented the computer-controlled smart pill, which can be electronically tracked and instructed to deliver a drug to a predetermined location in the gastrointestinal tract. David DAndrea was the co-inventor. UB reporter Ellen Goldbaum describes the smart pill as a combination of microminiature electronics, mechanical and software engineering, and pharmaceutical sciences. This capsule represents a significant advance in medical technology, said DAndrea to UB reporters, With the Smart Pill, we have been able to miniaturize a complex electronic system and put it into a capsule about one inch long. Youre not just taking a pill, youre swallowing the instrument. David DAndrea is the president and chief executive officer of Gastrotarget, Inc. the manufacturers of the Smart Pill. Jerome Schentag is the companys vice president of research and development. DAndrea is also the director of Millard Fillmore Hospitals Engineering and Devices Laboratory. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-5299558558205121732020-02-14T18:50:00.001-08:002020-02-14T18:50:02.310-08:00Explain the N.J. state court system entirely be sure to state and EssayExplain the N.J. state court system entirely be sure to state and explain each court that comprises the sytem especially the 2 s - Essay Example They also hear decisions made by the State Division of taxation on matters of income tax, sales tax and business tax. The Superior court is the trial court where cases involving criminal, civil and family law are heard and decided. They decide all other cases that are not within the jurisdiction of the Municipal and Tax courts. The Appeals Court are divided into two, the Appellate Division of Superior Court and the New Jersey Supreme Court. In the Appellate Division, reviews and decides cases in division of at least two to three judges without trial or further evidence. It reviews and make sure that there were no mistakes or errors in the judgment and decisions of the Trial Courts, Tax Courts and State administrative agencies. The N.J. Supreme Court is the highest court in New Jersey and is the stateââ¬â¢s court of last resort, ruling from the Appellate Division may be appealed here. The New Jersey Constitution limits its jurisdiction in cases involving a constitutional question, if a judge in the Appellate Division dissented, if capital punishment is used, or the court granted "certification," or if the case involves redistricting (Art VI). Its jurisdiction is limited in hearing appeals for legal issues and just like the Appellate Division, does not include trial of facts. 2000). Citation Van Dervort, T. R. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-58718680773213518662020-02-01T23:47:00.001-08:002020-02-01T23:47:02.521-08:00Role of the Family Nurse Practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsRole of the Family Nurse Practitioner - Essay Example Similarly, the status of FNP practice in Texas is compared with that of Hawaii, Florida, Mississippi, and Tennessee, with regard to (a) prescriptive Privileges, (b) collaboration agreements/supervision requirements, (c) Nurse Practitioner regulation bodies in each state, and (d) any other practice significant information. The role of the Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) in the modern health care industry is often highlighted and training in FNP has become one of the essential aspects in the diagnosis and management of various common and complex medical conditions. Nurse Practitioners (NPs), in general, offer considerable contribution to the health care sector and the NPs "are registered nurses who are prepared beyond initial nursing education in an NP program to provide primary care directly to patients. The profession originated in the mid-1960s in response to shortages of physicians (MDs). NP educational requirements, certification mechanisms and legal scopes of practice are decided at the state level and vary considerably" (Christian, Dower, and O'Neil, 2007, p. 4). Significantly, Family nurse practitioners offer a wide range of health care services in the contemporary health care scenario and their service is particularly important for families. It is, therefore, fundamental to undertake a reflect ive exploration of the meaning and scope of the Family Nurse Practitioner, the current and future educational entry into practice requirements for the FNP, the role of the Family Nurse Practitioner in relation to the Family Practice Physician, Physician's Assistant, Chiropractor, and Clinical Nurse Specialist etc. Meaning of FNP: What is a Family Nurse Practitioner Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) has been realized as one of the important specialties of Nurse Practitioner (NP) which refers to a registered nurse with detailed advanced nursing education and training in the diagnosis and management of various intricate medical conditions. The Frontier School of Midwifery & Family Nursing defines a Family nurse practitioner as "a registered nurse who has completed specific advanced nursing education -generally a master's degree- and training in the diagnosis and management of common as well as complex medical conditions. Nurse Practitioners provide a broad range of health care services" (Frontier School of Midwifery & Family Nursing, 2008). Therefore, family nurse practitioners are people with specific advanced nursing education and training and they engage in various types of medical practices in conjunction with the physicians. According to the definition by California University's school of nursing, "a family nurse practitioner meets the health c are needs of the family by providing health assessments, direct care, and guidance, teaching, or counseling as appropriate, particularly around family self-care. The FNP typically works collaboratively with family primary care physicians and other professionals within the health care system" (School of Nursing: California University, 2007). Accordingly, apart from the to conventional practice in an office, clinic, or ambulatory lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-38837643853300189272020-01-24T20:09:00.001-08:002020-01-24T20:09:03.181-08:00Abortion - Its Only Natural :: essays papersAbortion - It's Only Natural The topic of abortion is one of the most controversial of our times. The fight between pro-life and pro-choice supporters has has caused countless confrontations and several deaths. Despite what many people may believe, abortion is neither right nor wrong. It is a matter of personal opinion. In this way, each side can say with certainty that the other is wrong. Therefore the question remains; should abortion be legal? Though some may disagree on this point, the fact is that legalized abortion is the only option that will protect the lives of American citizens. One only needs to look into American history to see the results of prohibiting abortions to women. The violence which occurs today because the of pro-choice/pro-life conflicts is minimal in comparison to the thousands of hopeless women who turned to the illegal abortions --either self-inflicted or preformed by the backroom "professionals"-- which resulted in infection, massive blood loss, and death. It is better now that they have a place to go where abortions can be performed cleanly and with minimal risk. Legalization of abortion is the only choice no matter what side one takes in the debate. Women will try to do what they think is necessary to live as they wish, no matter what the risk. In order to live as she chooses a woman may give up her freedom, her morals, her beliefs, her family, or even her life. Abortion has been around for thousands of years in every inhabited corner of the globe. It has always been accepted as a means to prevent the suffering of both woman and potential child. It has been practiced widely in every society for many reasons including famine, war, poverty, overpopulation, or simply because a woman felt she was not ready for a child (Whitney 40). No one ever questioned a woman's right to this procedure. After all, who but God had the right to judge what a woman did with her own body? This thought process lasted till the 1800's. During this era of change people began to turn their attention in a new direction, the fetus. They began to protest abortion as cruel, inhumane, and murderous. Filled with a new sense of purpose and the glory of a fresh, righteous cause to uphold this new morality swept the countryside Abortion - It's Only Natural :: essays papers Abortion - It's Only Natural The topic of abortion is one of the most controversial of our times. The fight between pro-life and pro-choice supporters has has caused countless confrontations and several deaths. Despite what many people may believe, abortion is neither right nor wrong. It is a matter of personal opinion. In this way, each side can say with certainty that the other is wrong. Therefore the question remains; should abortion be legal? Though some may disagree on this point, the fact is that legalized abortion is the only option that will protect the lives of American citizens. One only needs to look into American history to see the results of prohibiting abortions to women. The violence which occurs today because the of pro-choice/pro-life conflicts is minimal in comparison to the thousands of hopeless women who turned to the illegal abortions --either self-inflicted or preformed by the backroom "professionals"-- which resulted in infection, massive blood loss, and death. It is better now that they have a place to go where abortions can be performed cleanly and with minimal risk. Legalization of abortion is the only choice no matter what side one takes in the debate. Women will try to do what they think is necessary to live as they wish, no matter what the risk. In order to live as she chooses a woman may give up her freedom, her morals, her beliefs, her family, or even her life. Abortion has been around for thousands of years in every inhabited corner of the globe. It has always been accepted as a means to prevent the suffering of both woman and potential child. It has been practiced widely in every society for many reasons including famine, war, poverty, overpopulation, or simply because a woman felt she was not ready for a child (Whitney 40). No one ever questioned a woman's right to this procedure. After all, who but God had the right to judge what a woman did with her own body? This thought process lasted till the 1800's. During this era of change people began to turn their attention in a new direction, the fetus. They began to protest abortion as cruel, inhumane, and murderous. Filled with a new sense of purpose and the glory of a fresh, righteous cause to uphold this new morality swept the countryside lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-75671987663210328632020-01-16T16:33:00.001-08:002020-01-16T16:33:03.204-08:00The Role of Women in SocietyThe Internet is a global information system. Nowadays, the internet is popular everywhere in the world. The Internet provides many useful utilities for users but besides that it also has negative. I will analysis advantages and disadvantages of Internet specifically. The first, the Internet is a big store of information. Any kind of information on any topic is available on the Internet. You can find it by the most popular search engines. Beside, you can share information with other people around the world. Secondly, the Internet connects many people all over the world. And it easier to stay in touch with your friends by chatting, e-mail messages, forumâ⬠¦. Stay up date with happening in the whole world and the new technology and information. You can get latest news of the world on the Internet. Another benefit, there are many services on internet, especially entertainment. You can watch online movies, listen to music on websites or play online gamesâ⬠¦Besides, there are also disadvantages. Children can connect to these websites that are for adult only. They can see the information which is not good. This is serious problem. Another problem is the wastage of times. Some people waste a lot of time in chatting or to play games. At home and offices, many people use Internet without any positive purpose. In conclusion, there are many advantages and disadvantages of the Internet, Depend on you, it will be the advantages or disadvantage. You should balance study and play. 3. In Viet Nam, the number of death by traffic accident is considered as large as the number of death by plague. There's about more than 30 people die everyday. With the traffic conditions in Vietnam, accident is object to happen. The roads are too narrow to travel easily. Moreover, many pot-holes can appear everywhere to threaten the goers. To solve this problem, we only have one way, it's improving the road. Whenever the roads are repaired, the traffic is more dangerous with the unfinished structures. People still travel on the repairing roads, and the roads are more and more narrow. We also can build the tunnels but it is very costly. Viet Nam has to borrow money from other countries and no one knows when the government can pay it back. In addition, the tense of Vietnamese people is poor. The roads in the cities are choked with so many vehicles such as motorbikes, bicycles, taxies, buses, cyclos and pedestrians because people do not follow the laws well. They even don't obey the traffic lights or signs. Now, the government gives many new strict laws to improve the present posture. The traffic is better and better day by day. In conclusion, with many measures now, the traffic in Viet Nam will be good one day. Despite the poor conditions Viet Nam can solve this problem themselves by the development of economic. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-66424664830534547482020-01-08T12:56:00.001-08:002020-01-08T12:56:03.603-08:00Essay on Child Development - 1286 Words There are multiple factors in a childââ¬â¢s development. Parents have a responsibility, as well as a privilege, to contribute to every milestone. Most parents stress over physical and mental stages so much so that play-time is ignored. By making decisions that sacrifice play parents hinder their social development. Parents must take action and encourage their youth to play more, before childhood is lost forever. Play-time is an essential part of early childhood development as well as their most primitive form of expression. In an article titled ââ¬Å"The Importance of Playâ⬠by Bruno Bettelheim, he refers to Sigmund Freudââ¬â¢s thoughts that play is a childââ¬â¢s first step in attaining ââ¬Å"cultural and psychological achievementsâ⬠. (Bettelheim 324) Theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(Par 10) Television is affecting childhood on many different levels. ââ¬Å"Many parents have misgivings about the influence of televisionâ⬠states Marie Winn author of â â¬Å"The End of Playâ⬠. (Winn 76) One concern is the introduction of adult issues. Marie Winnââ¬â¢s article reflects on what children are being exposed to. Stating todayââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Counterculture kids were [are] casually exposed to all sorts of adult matters-drug taking, sexual intercourseâ⬠. (Winn 77) She then points out the ââ¬Å"interest in boy-girl interactions is replacing play in preadolescentsâ⬠. (Winn 78) Our sex saturated media is also generating conflict in young girlsââ¬â¢ development. The portrayal of women as sexual objects is discussed in the article ââ¬Å"The sexualization of Girls is Harmfulâ⬠by Olivia Ferguson and Hayley Mitchell Haugen. The article cites statistics of ââ¬Å"prime-time television shows popular among childrenâ⬠remarking that ââ¬Å"12% of sexual comments involved sexual objectification toward womenâ⬠and ââ¬Å"23% of sexual behaviors involved leering, ogling or catcalling at female charactersâ⬠. (par 6) The feature provides www.aboutkidshealth.ca/ as an ââ¬Å"online resource for information about areas of childrenââ¬â¢s health and family lifeâ⬠. (Par 1) This web site states ââ¬Å"depression, low self-esteem and eating disordersâ⬠as consequences for media sexualizing women. (Par 2) The research defines ââ¬Å"the objectification theory as a psychological theory explaining theShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of Child Development1986 Words à |à 8 PagesAs children grow older they go through a process known as child development which is defined as the discipline dedicated to the understanding of all characteristics of human development from birth to adolescence. I reflected on each of the eight chapters that we covered in class and will use that information to apply it to my neighbor Sebastian. Sebastian is a 7 year old child who lives next door to me and I have taken care of him since he was four months old. 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Early child D evelopment is a complicated subject that involves, how teratogens affect a new born, how a maternal age can affectRead MoreChild Development and Learning Focusing on Language Development1975 Words à |à 8 PagesChild development and learning focusing on language development This essay is about a childââ¬â¢s development and learning, focusing primarily on language development. It will describe the main stages of developmental milestones and the key concepts involved for children to develop their language skills, discussing language acquisition and social learning theory. The essay will also look into the key theorists involved in language development, primarily Vygotsky and Chomsky, and how these theories lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-76362384014740633212019-12-31T09:22:00.001-08:002019-12-31T09:22:03.385-08:00The United States A Nation Of Immigrants - 1434 Words ââ¬Å"Remember, remember always, that all of us, and you and I especially, are descended from immigrants and revolutionists.â⬠ââ¬âFranklin D. Roosevelt Just under a million immigrants arrive in the United States each year. For this reason, the United States has often been called a nation of immigrants. The United States in a way is a melting pot for so many different cultures, religions and even races in the world (Scheuerer, 2012). These immigrants come to this nation wanting a chance at a better life; others are refugees whom are escaping persecution and civil wars in their home country. And many people just believe that the United States is the best place to go. Rationales like protection, freedom, and even benefits are just enough of a deal to immigrants. In the late 1800s people fled crop failures, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine only because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunities. More than 70 percent of the immigrants entered New Yor k City through which came to be known as the ââ¬Å"Golden Doorâ⬠(Billington, 2014). Towards the early 1890s the federal government opened a center for immigration processing on Ellis Island. As immigration grows, the debates on the issues of immigration into the U.S are also growing. Many (citizens) believe that immigration is hazardous to the U.S; other citizens believe that the crime, poverty, and overpopulations in many places are due to immigrations. Immigrants were often times discriminated and stereotyped fromShow MoreRelatedThe United States Is A Nation Of Immigrants995 Words à |à 4 Pagesdiversity is very important to the way of life within the United States, it is important to remember is the United States is a nation of immigrants, thatââ¬â¢s what ultimately made this land we all love the special place it is today. In researching this question it was discovered that one could make the assumption that the United States would be the largest nation with the larg est population of immigrants. In reviewing the article Nations of Immigrants: Do Words Matter? It was discovered that wasnââ¬â¢t soRead MoreThe United States Is The Nation Of Immigrants876 Words à |à 4 PagesUnited States is the nation of immigrants. Everyone living in the United States has migrated here, whether it was 10 years ago, 100 years ago, or 10,000 years ago. Migrations can take place for many reasons, the main reasons being the search for a better life, escape from poor conditions or as captives. We all have stories that branch out to other homes outside of this country. Some stories are untold and will forever be hidden; like the story of my father. My father passed away eight years agoRead MoreThe United States is a Nation of Immigrants Essays1658 Words à |à 7 Pages Today the United States of America is regarded as a global economic leader. The standard of living in the U.S. is higher than that of most other nations. Our nation is considered an economic super-power. Economic needs have often caused Americans to seek immigrants as workers, and economic opportunities have attracted foreigners. The United States is a nation of immigrants. Our nation has been shaped by successive waves of immigrants who have played major roles in our changing economy. TheRead MoreA Nation Of Immigrants And The United States Of America2299 Words à |à 10 PagesA NATION OF IMMIGRANTS The Ways that Immigration has Shaped and Benefited the United States of America Scott Williams US History Plato Unit Activity Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free... -- Emma Lazarus (from the poem The New Colossus) These words by Emma Lazarus, inscribed on a plaque on the Statue of Liberty, strike a chord of yearning for freedom in the minds of suffering yet hopeful people, and invoke a picture of the United States meeting the immigrantRead MoreCities, Immigrants, And The Nation1290 Words à |à 6 PagesCities, Immigrants, and the Nation The history of America has been associated with immigration. In fact, the population of America is believed to be highly dominated by immigrants. The topic of immigrants in the United Sates is crucial even in the present situation. There are mixed reactions on the best way to deal with the issue of immigration, especially in the political front. Immigration in the United States is quite extensive and began long time ago. This essay will address the American ImmigrationRead MoreImmigration : An Influential Aspect Of American History1172 Words à |à 5 Pagesimmigration has been a constant and significant force in the country. From the early beginnings of the nation in the seventeenth century to the present day, millions of people, from a variety of different and distinct nations and cultures, made the great journey to the United States to pursue greater economic and social opportunities. Immigration has been an influential aspect of American history. These immigrants have enhanced an d contributed greatly to the fabric and the story of America. They have broughtRead MoreEssay about English Must be the Official Language in America994 Words à |à 4 Pages The United States of America has instituted many rights to its citizens, which were issued in the bill of rights they are the first ten amendments. The first amendment mentions the free exercise clause, freedom of speech and of press, and by interpreting it says that congress cannot make any laws constricting to a established religion or prohibiting the free exercise. Because of the interpretation of the first amendment immigrants believe that they may come to the United States and maintainRead MoreThe Official Definition Of Illegal Is ââ¬Å"Contrary To Or Forbidden1517 Words à |à 7 Pagesillegal is ââ¬Å"contrary to or forbidden by lawâ⬠. The definition of an Immigrant is ââ¬Å"an individual who comes to live permanently in a foreign countryâ⬠. Therefore Illegal Immigrants are foreigners who enter another country, the United States of America, without a Visa. They cross the border by avoiding inspection and overstay the allotted period of time allowed as a visitor, tourist, or businessperson. There are 12 million illegal immigrants in America today. How is the possible if it is illegal? And moreRead MorePersuasive Essay On Illegal Immigration1260 Words à |à 6 Pagesissue in the United States for many years, especially illegal immigration. This term can be defined as the act of immigrating, which means to move to another country where you were not born in, or which you are not a native of, and use this new country as a permanent residence. Majority of immigrants believe that the United States is possibly the best place to be. Due to the lack of freedom, protection, and benefits within other countries, these factors are very important for immigrants who desireRead MoreHow Can America Become A Better Immigrant Nation?1245 Words à |à 5 PagesHow Can America Become a Better Immigrant Nation Again? It has become evident to many that the American economy is declining in recent years. Journalists are pointing out that one of the reasons why it got weaker is due to a failed immigration system and outdated policies towards illegal immigrants. For instance, Fareed Zakaria from Time magazine says, although America was once considered an example to many other immigrant nations, it is now falling behind some of them in terms of immigration-related lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-64251254669640186542019-12-23T05:09:00.001-08:002019-12-23T05:09:03.966-08:00The Metaphysical Issue Of Free Will - 1368 Words Everyone believes himself or herself to possess the freedom of will. If we do not have free will, then that suggests that we lack any power or control over anything, therefore, nothing is up to us. This would impair our view and perception of our society, community and the world. The metaphysical issue of free will is if the initial conditions are fixed and all the laws of nature are deterministic, then the resulting outcome that will happen thereafter is also fixed, because of the laws of nature as well as the initial conditions. So do we actually have free will? This question has become a paradoxical topic, with issues arising from philosophical concepts, including causal determinism and fatalism. This creates a problem for free willâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Harry Frankfurt debates the issue concerning moral responsibility without the presence of free will. However, his hypothetical demonstration cannot exist, therefore his account does not adequately address the problem with free will. The metaphysical issue is in regards to the concept of determinism. Causal determinism describes the view that all events are the outcome of prior conditions and precedent causes, meaning that the condition at a particular time determines the condition of the next moment in time. With the laws of nature, the initial conditions essentially fix the future to go a specific way. This indicates that to us, given the past history and prior nature, we are only able to act in one particular way. Causal determinism clashes with regards to the idea of free will, because it suppresses our ability to exercise control over our actions while considering the moral responsibility that corresponds these choices. It can be seen as everything in the universe is unfolding like the domino effect, each domino falling over the next and continues onwards, suggesting it inevitable to result otherwise. The concept restrains our freedom over selecting the alternatives when making decisions, which c ontradicts the definition of free will, since free will means that we have the freedom to act otherwise in the same situation without constraints or restrictions, making them incompatible. Some argue that if we do not have the freedom to choose to do otherwise, then we lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-66452783673984602452019-12-15T01:39:00.001-08:002019-12-15T01:39:03.325-08:00Critical Reflection Free Essays Reflection is one of the most important parts of any forms of learning, and is a great tool to be used to allow for greater learning. Reflection whether being a student at primary school, a university student or a member of the workforce has an effect on constructing knowledge about a person and the world around them. It is a vital part of any learning experience and will form the backbone in the transformation from study to application in a field. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reflection can be defined as ââ¬Ëtaking a look backââ¬â¢ on experiences in most contexts, and looking back at the experience analysing and learning from it so therefore ââ¬Ëconstructing the knowledgeââ¬â¢ and making the person more knowledgeable and informed. Critical Reflection is ââ¬Å"the process of analysing, reconsidering and questioning experiences within a broad context of issues (e. g. , issues related to social justice, curriculum development, learning theories, politics, culture, or use of technology). [(Wertenbroch Nabeth, 2000)] People learn by engaging in experiences that allow them utilise their senses and interact with a subject matter. In addition to this interaction, reflection allows for one to link a recent experience with an interrelated mental experience which allows for the development of ââ¬Ëhigher order thinking skillsââ¬â¢. [Dewey (1933)] Many philosophers consider Dewey the contemporary inventor of reflection, as most of his ideas stem fr om those of many famous philosophers from the likes of Aristotle, Confucius and Plato.à Read also Critical appreciation of the poem ââ¬Å"Old Ladiesââ¬â¢ Homeâ⬠. Critical Reflection In an article by Jack Mezirow (ââ¬ËHow Critical Reflection triggers Transformative Learningââ¬â¢) he states that ââ¬Å"Critical reflection involves a critique of the presuppositions on which our beliefs have been built. Learning may be defined as ââ¬Ëthe process of making a new or revised interpretation of the meaning of an experience, which guides subsequent understanding, appreciation and actionââ¬â¢. He implies by this statement that not just having an experience will somebody just learn from that but also reflecting on the experience and appreciating and understanding the experience in order to reap the full benefits of learning it. (Murray, Kujundzic, 2005) define four activities that are central to critical reflection. These are oââ¬Å"Assumption analysisâ⬠ââ¬â This is step number one and involves a person to think in such a way that it challenges how they perceive certain cultural and social values and practices in order to see here impact on their daily lives oââ¬Å"Contextual awarenessâ⬠ââ¬â Which highlights the social and personal significance of historic and cultural contexts. oââ¬Å"Imaginative speculationâ⬠ââ¬â Thinking of other ways to go about usual practices to challenge the current ways of knowledge. oââ¬Å"Reflective scepticismâ⬠ââ¬â The interaction of all of the three above mentioned activities, and the ability to think about the subject at hand in order to determine an action or viability of a matter. How to cite Critical Reflection, Papers lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-81208378359514786142019-12-06T22:01:00.001-08:002019-12-06T22:01:04.494-08:00Review of Relevant Literature Essay Sample free essay sample The undermentioned related literature and surveies are the pillars of our research. These pieces of information are indispensable to hold believable back uping thoughts to our research subject. The said paperss were taken from different beginnings and mentions for case stuffs from other colleges and universities. other printed paperss. and the cyberspace. The research workers besides gathered some information about other universitiesââ¬â¢ installations to heighten our survey ââ¬â ââ¬Å"PUP-COC Physical Facilities and Laboratoriesââ¬âA Perceptual Studyâ⬠. Acquaintance with other collegesââ¬â¢ set of equipment will so be of great aid to the research workers. Besides. as the research workers have said in the Background of the Study. the PUP-College of Communication is considered as one of the largest communicating schools in the Philippines bearing the differentiation of being the first communicating school in the state to hold achieved Level III Accredited position as awarded by the Accrediting Agency for the Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines ( AACCUP ) in 2008. Because of the said accreditation. the research workers based the classs in our 2nd aim to the criterions of the AACCUP Accreditation. In the Area VIII of AACCUP which has the range of the Physical Plant and Facilities. it is stated that the Quality and Adequacy of the physical works and installations of a learning establishment determine to a big step the successful execution of its curricular plans. In a wide sense. physical works and installations include school site. campus. edifices and other physical substructures. equipment and services that complement institutional and plan effectivity. The AACCUP besides stated their criterion of a School Site. Campus. Buildings. Classrooms. Offices and Function Rooms. Assembly and Athletic Facilities. Medical and Dental Clinic. Student Center. Food Services/Canteen. Accreditation Center. Housing ( optional ) . Documents. Extra Information and Exhibits. While in the Area IX: Laboratories. it is stated that Labs are support systems in any academic plan. Broadly defined. they cover scientific discipline research labs. address research labs. presentation farms. stores. and other installations for practicum activities indispensable to the successful execution of the curricular plans of an establishment inclusive of their usage and maps. So from this. the research workers decided to categorise the installations and Labs of the College into Academic Related. Non-academic Related. Health and Sanitation Related. and Security Related Facilities. Foreign Surveies The Mass Communication Department of University of Sindh- Pakistan. harmonizing to their web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //usindh. edu. pk/academics/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences/department-of-mass-communication/179-facilities ) . runs several research lab installations and this includes different equipment such as visible radiations. picture cameras. tripods. and mikes which are available to pupils enrolled in the said section. Intended for practical preparation. the section besides provided a News research lab. including computing machine lab which is unfastened to pupils enrolled in the section that contains a assortment of package applications like MS Office. Adobe PhotoShop. Illustrator. CorelDraw. In-Page. Photo Styler. Free Hand and Adobe premiere Pro. Meanwhile. in the Daffodil International University. based on their web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //diu. edu. bd/facilities/media-lab. hypertext markup language ) . they provide a Media Laboratory that has the undermentioned capablenesss for the Television plan manufacturers: sound and echo cogent evidence research lab. air-conditioned suites. DESA A ; spontaneous electricity. late imported assorted visible radiations of CANARA Company. experienced Lights Crew who is involved in bring forthing Television plans for a long clip. They besides have Video Editing units. to the full air-conditioned Ultra-Modern Matrix RT-X2 Real clip Multi-format Digital Editing Work Station. customized HP Workstation. SONYLMD 1420 Professional Video Monitor for picture prevue. a Conference Room which is environment-friendly. air conditioned. broad and is available for your VIP invitees. Directors. Artists and others. Alongside the Studio. you will be able to bask a large and nice auditorium wit h the following installations: ( 1 ) Modern technological installations are available. ( 2 ) Seating capacity for audience totaling 300. and ( 3 ) Shooting installation in presence of audience. On the other manus. the MISR International University. their Mass Communication section provides rather a few educational installations which include a Photography Laboratory. Multi-media Laboratory. Broadcast Studio. Post Production Studio. Audio Studio. Print Media and Design Laboratory. Audio Visual Hall. News Room. and a Video Room which is found on their web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. miuegypt. edu ) . In another university in the west side of the Earth. the University of Minnesota. the School of Journalism and Mass Communication has several installations such as the Murphy Hall that is a state-of-the-art installation for learning and research of news media. mass communicating and new media surveies. The first floor of Murphy Hall includes the cardinal office. adjunct module offices. Student Services Center. Minnesota Journalism Center. a 150-seat auditorium and the Murphy Hall conference centre. While the 2nd floor has the Multimedia schoolrooms. module offices. offices for pupil organisations and a peddling machine. The Research Division. module offices and graduate pupil offices are on the 3rd floor. The Silha Center for the Study of Media Ethics A ; Law. module offices are on the 4th floor. Murphy Hall besides includes: ( 4 ) multimedia schoolrooms. a 150-seat multimedia auditorium. the Digital Media Studios with capableness for picture redaction. digital and linear sound. and labs for imaging. artworks and communicating design. A important characteristic of Murphy Hall is the convergence of artworks. intelligence authorship and broadcast labs in a individual infinite. the Digital Media Studios ( DMS ) . The DMS characteristics: ( 1 ) 20-workstation learning country. ( 2 ) 16-workstation learning countries. Internet and networking connectivity. ceiling-mounted projectors for exposing computing machine or picture end product. a cart-mounted computing machine workstation for teacher usage. a broadcast production installation capable of working independently that besides integrates with the universityââ¬â¢s telecasting and theatre installations in the Rarig Center. the Digital Information Resource Center ( DIRC ) /Sevareid Library which is a hi-tech information centre with multimedia resources needed for direction and research. The DIRC/Sevareid Library has ( 8 ) networked and interconnected Mac workstations. capable of booting either Windows or Mac OSââ¬âeach with a DVD thrust and VCR with playback and recording capableness. and ( 2 ) teaming suites with digital redacting capableness. These are all sited in their web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //sjmc. umn. edu ) . Local SurveiesIn one of the province universities of the Philippines. the University of the Philippines-Diliman. the university has several installations in different sections. In the Communication Research Laboratory. the research lab serves as a locale for computing machine categories every bit good as a depository for communicating databases. They besides have Cine Adarna which has a 1. 000-seat capacity movie theatre that on a regular basis features popular and critically acclaimed films. The wireless studio is acoustically designed and has its ain multi-recording system. The telecasting studio comes with its ain production floor infinite. control room. dressing room and spinnerââ¬â¢s booth. The Television studio has a complete set of audio-visual production equipment. including redacting installations for post-production applications. And in the section of Journalism. the Beltran Newsroom is a installation for the single preparation of Journalism pupils in newspaper layout. design. redacting. composing and processing. This electronic newsroom is equipped with high-velocity computing machines. an LCD projector. a big format pressman. and one scanner. The university besides provided a Media Center which has a Film Studio. The Film and Audio-visual Communication ( FAVC ) Department maintains movie and picture equipment. including a exposure research lab with darkroom installations. Equipment is available for Super 8mm. 16mm. VHS. Hi-8 picture production. and personal computing machines for life and digital station production. Besides. in one of the private universities here in the state. the San Sebastian Collegeââ¬â¢s Mass Communication Laboratory contains ( 2 ) spacious suites which are connected by a viewing subdivision furnished with video playback system and a multi-track audio console that provide audio-visual addendums for the instructional and workshops necessities of the next schoolroom. Equipped with a large proctor. simple camera set-up. multimedia projector and DVD and VHS participants. the said schoolroom besides serves as a locale for little and intimate seminars and Television intelligence casting activities that are created for pupils enrolled in the section. They besides provided other inside informations in their web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //sscrmnl. edu. ph/facilities/mass-communication-laboratory/ ) for more information. However. in the Communication Arts Department of the University of the East. harmonizing to their web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ue. ed u. ph/manila ) . they have maintained and updated their installations and set of equipment. For illustration their Speech Laboratory. they have to the full air-conditioned research lab that meets the demands of a modern and sophisticated speech-radio-TV studio. For broadcast medium. film and address pupils. they provide a wireless station booth that operates on a community broadcast graduated table. Besides available are an audio-video room for movie redaction categories. an editing room with an redacting machine. a recording room. and a linguistic communication research lab with 35 entering booths. each equipped with a participant recording equipment. a mouthpiece and a brace of headsets. Besides. their Caloocan Campus has a to the full equipped address research lab at the land floor of the Academic Building. They besides have an audiovisual centre that makes available to the whole community a assortment of equipment: movie. slide and overhead projectors ; DVD/VCD. VHS and Betamax participants ; tape recording equipments. sound systems. etc. . and the contents of the media library consisting of sound and videotapes. sound and picture cassettes. graphs. postings. transparences. filmstrips. slides and others. Likewise. the Mass Communication Department of the far Eastern University has different installations to assist pupils in their field of work and hands-on instruction as stated by one of their pupils in a web site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pinoyexchange. com/forums ) . They have this Television Studio which is a broadcast installation installed with incorporate professional visible radiations. sound. picture and console/control and communication/talk-back systems. The Television Studio is used by pupils who are enrolled in their Radio and Television Production and Radio-Television Announcing classs. Students who are enrolled in Radio and Television Principles and Practices besides use the installation to familiarise themselves with the set-up of a Television studio. The Television Studio has the undermentioned installations: ( 1 ) Production Room that is equipped with incorporate professional lighting system. semi-oval type background for Chroma. spot bay for picture and audio connections for mikes with latest SONY HD picture cameras. fog machine. MARTIN MAC250 ( intelligent visible radiation ) . and a traveling caput. ( 2 ) Control Room is equipped with state-of-the-art engineering such as Television Production Broadcast PIX for picture controls and blending ; theatre light TL-NOVA for illuming control and commixture ; Martin Freeky DMX accountant for particular lighting effects ; HDV RECORDER for high definition recording and LITEPUTTER DIMM ER PACK for electromotive force ordinances. ( 3 ) Post-production Room or the VTR/ Editing Room that is besides equipped with desktop computing machines installed with Adobe Premiere CS4 redacting suite which the pupils can utilize for their post-production work ( audio-video redaction ) . ( 4 ) Pre-production Room or the war room. this is where pupils can brainstorm. discuss and gestate for their shows. ( 5 ) Props/storage Room. now this is where pupils can build and piece their sets for the production and shop belongingss. ( 6 ) Male and Female Dressing Rooms with comfort suites. shortss and chest of drawerss. criterion mirror which serve as makeup and dress-up suites for the endowments. ( 7 ) Green Room is a locale for the endowments as they wait for their bend during taped or unrecorded shows. And in conclusion. ( 8 ) the Lobby is besides where invitees and visitants can remain. Besides. the FEU Mass Communication Department has a Radio Broadcast ( Technical Control ) Room equipped with professional wireless broadcast equipment. digital playback system with edit-on-the-fly system with which the phonograph record jockey can pre-arrange and re-arrange play list while on air. The installation besides has Wi-Fi transmittal engineering for listenersââ¬â¢ entree. The installation allows the pupils to heighten their accomplishments in phonograph record jockeying. intelligence coverage. wireless anchoring and hosting. It besides allows the pupils to bring forth unrecorded and recorded wireless plans. They besides have this Digital Audio Recording Room a installation that is equipped with professional mikes and earphones ( NEUMANN and AUDIO-TECHNICA ) to guarantee the quality of voice recording and dubbing. The chief control is PC-based/digital package ( ADOBE AUDITION ) patched to a professional sociable and online redundant recording equipment ( MACKIE MIXER and TASCAM MULTI CHANNEL RECORDER ) . The installation allows the pupils to enter wireless commercials. jangles. teasers. stingers. voice overs. public service proclamations and other collaterals ; and to nickname wireless play. The university besides provided an Audio-video Post-Production Room. This installation is equipped with PC-based/digital package ( MATROX ) for rendering and get the hanging audio-video presentations. movies. and other audio-video end products. Some of the Departmentââ¬â¢s set of Laboratory Equipment are: ( 4 ) Sony Casette-portable. ( 1 ) Motorola Communicator talk-back set. ( 4 ) DVD Player Pioneer Mo. 366. ( 2 ) DVD Recorder. ( 1 ) DVD Writer. ( 1 ) Pensonic DVD/MPEG4 Player. ( 2 ) Samsung DVD/VCR. ( 1 ) Document Camera TFV-400. ( 1 ) Sony Handy Cam. ( 1 ) Pioneer Amplifier. ( 1 ) Audio Mixer. ( 2 ) CTV 21. ( 1 ) Camera Recorder. ( 2 ) HP Laptops. ( 3 ) Satellite Laptops. ( 1 ) Toshiba Laptop. ( 1 ) Audio-technica Microphone. ( 3 ) Shure Microphone. ( 1 ) Multi-Tester. ( 1 ) Player. VCD. ( 3 ) OKI Printer. ( 3 ) Projector. LCD. ( 3 ) Wall Dalite Screen. ( 1 ) Sound Mixer 12 channels. ( 1 ) Sony Television Flat. ( 1 ) Sound System with ( 2 ) Speakers. ( 1 ) Tripod for Video Camera. ( 1 ) ââ¬Å"3Mâ⬠Overhead Projector. ( 1 ) Senrun Portable Sound System. ( 2 ) Light Mixer. ( 4 ) Redhead Spotlight. ( 1 ) DLP Projector TAXAN. ( 1 ) Tripod Samson with Dolly. and more. SynthesisThe research workers gathered four ( 4 ) Foreign and besides four ( 4 ) Local relevant surveies. The four foreign universities chosen by the research workers are the University of Sindh. MISR International University. Daffodil International University. and the University of Minnesota. Because the research workers believe that because these universities are some of the top-ranked universities. they have if non the best. one of the best set of equipment for Communication pupils. On the other manus. the research workers chose the University of the Philippines-Diliman. University of Perpetual aid. San Sebastian College. University of the East. and Far Eastern University for local related literatures because these are besides some of the top-listed universities and colleges in the state that can vie internationally for their installations and set of equipment in their Mass Communication Departments. The research workers besides believe that these installations and set of equipmen t can assist in the present and future demands of the pupils of the college and possibly assist the university see what needs to be developed and improved in the sections. Foreign LiteratureThis survey besides tries to discourse how the Facilities and Laboratories of the college affect the pupils. In line with this. the research workers delved into literatures that tackle the same subject. From the twenty-first Century School Fundââ¬âImproving Urban Public School Facilities. a Research on the Impact of School Facilities on Students and Teachers which is a sum-up of surveies published since 2000. the research workers found out that there has been a slow but steady addition of research on the impact of public school installations on educational accomplishment and community results and of the asperity of the research. This sum-up of surveies is portion of a larger literature reappraisal conducted by the twenty-first Century School Fund with support from the Charitable Trust of the Council on Educational Facility Planners International. The reappraisal is designed as an update to the 2002 reappraisal ââ¬Å"Do School Facilities Affect Academic Outcomes? â⬠by Mark Schneider. originally commissioned by the twenty-first Century School Fundââ¬â¢s Building Educational Success Together collaborative and so expanded by Dr. Schneider and published by the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities. Recent research continues to indicate to a little but steadily positive relationship between the quality of a public school installation and a scope of academic and community outcomes. This survey reviews the literature on Facilities and Academic results. School constructing Systems. and School Facility Condition and Community factors. This new reappraisal. available in October 2009 includes an extended bibliography of research since 2002 and discusses the demand for future school installation research. On the other manus. the research workers besides found a survey conducted by Mark Schneider on November 2002 entitled ââ¬Å"Do School Facilities Affect Academic Outcomes? ââ¬âNational Clearinghouse for Educational Facilitiesâ⬠. This survey shows that the research they presented concludes that: School installations affect larning. Spatial constellations. noise. heat. cold. visible radiation. and air quality evidently bear on studentsââ¬â¢ and teachersââ¬â¢ ability to execute. Empirical surveies will go on. concentrating on fine-tuning the acceptable scopes of these variables for optimum academic results. But we already know what is needed: clean air. good visible radiation. and a quiet. comfy. and safe acquisition environment. This can be and by and large has been achieved within the bounds of bing cognition. engineering. and stuffs. It merely requires equal support and competent design. building. and care. Besides. Building age is an formless construct and should non itself be used as an index of a facilityââ¬â¢s impact on pupil public presentation. Many schools built as civic memorials in the 1920s and 1930s still supply. with some modernisation. first-class larning environments ; many newer schools built in the cost-conscious sixtiess and 1970s do non. There is besides a definite consensus about the positive effects of little school size. and the effects seem to be the strongest with pupils from lower socioeconomic groups. This is an country. nevertheless. where policy shapers need the support of surveies that better set up the trade-offs between little schools and other community demands and resources. And the category size argument is unsolved. although few would reason against smaller categories. where possible. This is an educational issue that has a serious impact on school planning and design. since smaller categories require more schoolrooms or more schools. a fact that may look axiomatic but frequently is lost in the argument. There is small standardisation of facilities-related definitions. For illustration. the definition of little schools varies among surveies. and overall student-teacher ratios are frequently ( and wrongly ) taken as a placeholder for category size. The quality of facilities-related research ranges widely. Much of it is case-based and brinks on the anecdotal. and many literature reappraisals use simple counts of articles. or they present undocumented sum-ups of findings. More strict attacks to sum uping big organic structures of literature. such as metanalytic techniques. are few. and these surveies frequently lead to dissensions over the methods themselves. Better research offering more unequivocal findings is needed. Furthermore. the determinations about school installations. one time translated into brick-and-mortar. impact the day-to-day public presentation of the coevalss of instructors and pupils who use them. These determinations are based on tradition. available engineering. experience with ââ¬Å"what plants. â⬠and the altering demands of the times. Good installations research allows us to fruitfully screen through this mix and can assist bring forth long-run. positive effects on academic results. Local LiteratureMeanwhile. for the Local Literature. the research workers found a thesis from Felisa M. Dador ; The Library Facilities. Resources and Services of the Gregorio Araneta University Foundation. March 1996. The Problem and Background of this survey states that: the best schools have the best libraries. and the best libraries belong to the best schools. A good library speaks for its excellence in the undermentioned mode: the quality of its library services ; the quality and measure of the library instruction ; the usage of the Library by the module staff and pupils ; and the support given to it by the disposal in the planning. promoting and developing its library services as a whole. It is highly hard for the library to accomplish its maximal service. nevertheless skilled the Library staff and the module. unless the disposal understands to the full how the Library is related to the function that both module and Librarians play in developing the academic and research plans o f the establishment. The effectivity and efficiency of a library is determined by the figure of times it is put to good usage. No affair how to the full equipped and wholly administered a library possibly. if it is non used for the really ground that it exists. it is worthless. Its aggregations and services must be of high quality and carefully designed to conform to the mission and aims of the establishment. the demands of the round offerings and the wide-ranging researches or informational demands of module and pupils. In some progressive educational establishments today. the Library is regarded following to the Teachers as the most of import characteristic of the school. The author believes as she has ever believed that no school could go on to work on a high degree of criterion without a functional Library. It is the centre of larning in the entire school image. The library is organized as a service that enhances the teachingââ¬âlearning procedure. Its ultimate end is to supply the ââ¬Å"the right book for the right reader at the right clip. â⬠It is besides organized non merely with the undertaking of run intoing the tremendous demands of modern instruction but besides in the belief that it gives chances for self-cultivation at all times. As the most of import rational resource in an academic community. the library must endeavor to run into the varied demands of its frequenters. from professors set abouting an thorough research to the novices carry throughing class assignments towards the widening Fieldss of cognition and the facet and the rapid progresss in engineering. The sum and quality of services demanded of Libraries and accordingly of Librarians are no longer limited to strictly directional or informational. or the mere imparting out of books from the counter. Demands have now shifted to more bibliographies and other information engineering. modern audio-visual equipment. projection assistance. video machines. microforms. photographic equipment and computing machine installations which become an indispensable portion of library operations. Harmonizing to Barkley. cognition is a requirement for the accomplishment of all intent and in a dynamic universe. knowing is a procedure of continual acquisition. unlearning and relearning. and non the acquisition of a inactive organic structure of cognition. With this tendency in the universe of larning. Libraries can anticipate the demands of services to turn at a much faster rate as the construct of go oning educational is grasped. and as the pattern of go oning educational spreads. However. another thesis was found by the research workers entitled ââ¬Å"An Assessment of the Quality of Facilities and Services provided by the Philippine Sports Authority. Puerto Princesa City. Palawan. â⬠Master in Public Administration. Palawan State University. Puerto Princesa City. February 2004 by Marlon N. Sendaydiego. The abstract of this thesis shows that this survey was undertaken to find the quality of port facilities/services provided by the Philippine Ports Authority ( PPA ) at the Puerto Princesa Port. Puerto Princesa City as assessed by its port users and siting public. It is besides looked into the quality of execution of the PPAââ¬â¢s concerns/projects on port methodicalness. cleanliness. security and safety. The appraisal of these two patronages groupsââ¬âport users and siting publicââ¬âwere compared and analyzed. Problems encountered and recommended solutions by the port users and siting populace was besides solicited. including recommended extra installations and services for the Puerto Princesa City Port. The descriptive-survey method was utilized. Datas were gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire administered to a indiscriminately selected sample in April 2003. There were 248 port users and 373 siting public involved in the survey. The statistical step used were frequence. per centum. mean. standard divergence and the z-test. Here is besides the Summary of Findings to demo that among port users. the quality of port installations is really satisfactory while that of port services is satisfactory. In contrast. the siting public assessed the quality of both port installations and services as satisfactory. Both respondents gave satisfactory assessment evaluations to the execution of concerns/projects on port methodicalness. cleanliness. security and safety. Still. important differences were found between the two respondent groups in their assessment evaluations on the quality of port installations and services. every bit good as the execution of concerns/projects on port methodicalness. cleanliness. security and safety. Furthermore. there were some identified jobs and matching recommended solutions related to quality port installations. among these were: Absence of ATM booths ; Absence or deficient waiting shed for sympathizers ; deficient terminal infinite ; deficient hauling infinite ; and Lack of imbibing installations. Their suggested solutions are the proviso of such installations within the port premises. With regard to bringing of port services. both respondentsââ¬â¢ jobs were largely on: High rate of porterage fee ; Discourtesy of porters ; impolite guards ; and Inadequate security services. Correspondingly. their recommended solutions are: Decrease or remotion of porterage fee ; Discharge or coverage of discourteous porters ; Replacement of impolite guards ; and Additional security guards. severally. Among the extra installations and services recommended by both groups are: Construction of sympathizers shed ; Installation of imbibing fountains in strategic topographic points in the larboard country ; Installation of an ATM booth ; and Extension of rider terminal edifice with proviso of imbibing fountains. Consistent with their expressed jobs. their recommended extra port services are: Extra security guards are posted at the issue gate ; Additional aid to port users ; free portage fee ; and Jeepney/transport/shuttle services. This survey concludes that Puerto Princesa City port users and siting public by and large assessed the quality of port installations services. every bit good as the execution of concerns/projects on port methodicalness. cleanliness. security and safety. as satisfactory: which is still below the coveted quality criterion. However. they differed in their quality evaluations in nine ( 9 ) out of 12 ( 12 ) port installations and six ( 6 ) out of eight ( 8 ) port services that were normally rated. The two groupââ¬â¢s appraisal quality evaluations differed on the execution of PPAââ¬â¢s concerns/projects with regard to port security and port safety. but did non differ with regard to port methodicalness and port cleanliness. This survey besides recommended that the PPAââ¬â¢s Puerto Princesa City needs to take stairss to better. enhance and upgrade the quality of the execution of its concerns/projects specifically on port methodicalness. cleanliness. security and safety. every bit go od as the quality of its port installations and services in order to raise it from the current degree of satisfactory to the desired degree of at least really satisfactory. Similarly. specific facilities/services which were found to be really satisfactory should be maintained and enhanced to continuously run into the quality criterions set. It should besides see the identified jobs and recommended solutions. every bit good as extra port installations and services as demands or inputs in the readying of its operational and developmental programs. On the other manus. PPAââ¬â¢s higher direction should fast-track the blessing and release of financess on the recommended undertakings. such as Construction of Well-Wisherââ¬â¢s Building. Additional Passenger Terminal Building. and Park. etc. . for immediate execution in CY 2004. Last. this survey should be replicated in other PPA ports to enable the port direction to garner feedback from their primary clients on the quality of port installations and services and execution of concerns/projects in the peculiar countries. In making so. the PPA will be able to carry through its corporate duties. SynthesisThe research workers gathered two ( 2 ) Foreign and besides two ( 2 ) Local relevant literatures. The two Foreign Literatures that the research workers acquired trade with the general effects and specific effects of installations to the acquisition of the pupils in a peculiar college. On the other manus. the research workers chose this two other Local Literatures about certain installations in a public university and a province university that are related in this survey. The research workers believe that these surveies will assist them garner more thoughts about the survey that the research workers are covering with. These literatures assisted the research workers to acquire clasp of pieces of information that this survey covers. These gave the research workers thoughts that helped them do their instruments for the informations assemblage. decisions. and other parts of this thesis. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-26155478937592669742019-11-29T10:04:00.001-08:002019-11-29T10:04:03.458-08:00Beowulf Good VS Eviel essaysBeowulf Good VS Eviel essays The Story of Beowulf is a classic epic poem that contains the forces of good and evil against each other. In this story evil is in the form of a horrible monster known as Grendel. Grendel is a very powerful monster who is attacking the people of Denmark. The mighty warrior known as Beowulf represents the forces of Good. He hears of what Grendel is doing to the Danes and quickly comes to the rescue. In the opening part of the story we learn what a horrible monster Grendel is. His thoughts were as quick as his greed or his claws: He slipped through the door and there in silence snatched up thirty men and smashed them (35-39). These lines show Grandes heart of stone and thats he is evil by killing whatever he wants. Grendel slips through the shadows of night and continues killing the Danes every night, represent the sneakiness of his evil. Beowulf, the brave soldier lives far away from Denmark. The poem displays him to be good when he learns of the monster Grendel and comes to the rescue. In his far-off home Beowulf, Higlacs follower and the strongest of the geats heard how Grendel filled the nights with horror and quickly commanded a boat to be outfitted (90-94). Thus showing how good at heart Beowulf is by protecting others from evil. When Beowulf arrives at Denmark his reputation proves he has come to help and he and his men are quickly taken into Denmark and Cared for. The Danes explain to Beowulf of the monster and pray he can help them. They agree to watch over his boat for him. Grendel comes one night to find Beowulf and kill him. He kills the first geat he comes to and then awakens Beowulf. Beowulfs strength overpowers that of Grendel and Beowulf mortally wounds the Monster. Grendel then flies to Die in his Den, and Beowulf has defeated the evil monster. In this poem good triumphs over evil. Beowulf being brave and good at heart comes to destroy the evil... lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-59137920148141495082019-11-25T15:16:00.001-08:002019-11-25T15:16:02.850-08:00Disadvantages vs. Advantages of Global WarmingDisadvantages vs. Advantages of Global Warming The United Nations has been studying climate change and working to combat its effects since the first Earth Summit in 1992.à The UN Intergovernmental panels fifth report, published in late 2014, reiterates thatà global warming- more precisely called climate change- is happening and will likely not abate for centuries. The report also states with 95 percent certainty that the activity of humans has been the primary cause of increasing temperatures over the previous few decades, up from 90 percent in a previous report. Weve heard the dire warnings- even if we have yet to heed them- but could there possibly be any advantages to climate change, and if so, could these upsides possibly outweigh the downsides? The short answer is no. Heres why. Advantages of Global Warming? Its a Bit of a Stretch The so-called advantages of climate are out there- if youre really looking but do they compensate for the disruption and destruction wrought by the disadvantages? Again, the answer is no but for die-hard fans of the global warming trend, advantages might include the following suspect scenarios: Theà Arctic, Antarctic, Siberia, and other frozen regions of the earth might experience more plant growth and milder climates.The next ice age could possibly be prevented.Theà Northwest Passage through the formerly icy Canadian Arctic Archipelago could arguably open up to transportation.Fewer deaths or injuries would occur due to arctic conditions.Longer growing seasons could mean increased agricultural production in some areas. Disadvantages: Ocean Warming, Extreme Weather For every minutely possible advantage to climate change, there is a much more profound and compelling disadvantage. Why? Since the oceans and weather are highly interconnected and the water cycle has an impact on weather patterns (think air saturation, precipitation levels, and the like), what affects the ocean affects weather. For instance: Changes in ocean circulation and the resulting warmer temperatures disrupt the worlds normal weather patterns, bringing about more extreme weather and an increased frequency of severe andà catastrophic storms, such as hurricanes and typhoons. The increase in severe storms leads to a more frequent occurrence of such things as hundred-year floods, decimation of habitats and property, not to mention, loss of life- human and otherwise.à à Higher sea levelsà lead to flooding of lowlands. Islands and coastlines are engulfed by water leading to death and disease due to flooding.The acidification of warming oceans leads to a loss of coral reefs. Coral reefs protect shorelines from heavy waves, storms, and floods and while they only cover about 1 percent of the ocean floor, reefs provide a habitat for 25 percent of the oceans species. Demolished reefs lead to increased erosion and coastal property damage and the extinction of species.Warming ocean waters means increased melting of gla ciers and ice sheets. Smaller ice sheets form each subsequent winter, which has a devastating impact on the habitat of cold-climate animals and the Earths reserves of freshwater. (According to the United States Geography Survey [USGS], 69 percent of the Earths ice is locked in ice and glaciers.)à Less sea ice, warmer water, and increased acidity are catastrophic for krill which forms the base of the oceans food web and feeds whales, seals, fish, and penguins. The plight of polar bears due to the loss of Arctic ice is well documented, but at the other end of the globe, in 2017 as a result of local climate change, in a colony ofà 40,000 Antarctic Adà ©lie penguins, only two chicks survived. (In 2013, in the wake of a similar event, none survived.) Emperor penguin colonies are also expected to decline due to loss of sea ice and rising temperatures. Disadvantages: Land Desertification As weather patterns are disrupted and droughts intensify in duration and frequency, agricultural sectors are particularly hard hit. Crops and grasslands cant thrive due to lack of water. With crops unavailable,à cattle, sheep, and other livestock dont get fed and die. Marginal lands are no longer useful. Farmers who find themselves unable to work the land lose their livelihoods. In addition:à Deserts becomeà drier, leading to increased desertification, resulting in border conflicts in already water-scarce areas.Decreased agricultural production leads to food shortages.Starvation, malnutrition, and increased deaths result from food and crop shortages. Disadvantages: Health, Social, and Economic Impact In addition to climate change affecting weather patterns and food production, which in turn have a negative impact on the future of human race as well as the planet, climate change can also put the hurt on peoples pocketbooks, the economy of an area on a larger scale, and health in general:à Insect-borne diseases increase. For example, if insects dont die off in an area because it no longer reaches the cold temperatures it once did, diseases those insects may carry- such Lyme disease- can proliferate more easily.People from poorer, drier, hotter, or low-lying countries may attempt to emigrate to wealthier or higher-elevation localesà seeking better (or at least nondeadly) conditions, causing tension among the existing population.As climates warm overall, peopleà use more energy resources for cooling needs, which will lead to a rise in air pollutionà and deaths from increasingly hot weather conditions that cannot be mitigated.Allergy and asthma rates go up due to pollution exacerbated by the earlier and longer blooming of plants.Cultural orà heritage sitesà areà destroyed due to increased extremes and acid rain. Disadvantages: Nature Out of Balance The environment around us is affected by climate change in a multitude of ways. The component parts of any ecosystem normally must maintain a delicate balance but climate change is throwing nature is out of whack- in some places more than others. Effects include:à Increase in the number of species of animals and plants heading toward extinction.Loss of animal and plant habitats causes animals to move into other territories, disrupting ecosystems that are already established.Because the behaviors of many plants, insects, and animals are dependent on temperature, a change in climate can cause an imbalance in the ecosystem itself. For example,à say the availability of food for a particular insect no longer coincides with the time when the offspring of the natural predator for that insect is born. Uncontrolled by predation, the insect population booms, resulting in an overabundance of that pest. This, in turn, leads to increased stress on the foliage the insects eat, which ultimately results in a loss of food for larger animals in the food chain that also depend on those plants for sustenance.Pests such as viruses, fungi, or parasites that usually perish at a certain low temperature no longer die off, which may lead to an increase in disease amo ng plants, animals, and humans.à à Melting of permafrost leads to flooding and greatly increases the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere which only serves to exacerbate climate change. In addition, ancient viruses long held in stasis by the permafrost are allowed to escape intoà the environment.à Rainfall increases in acidity.Earlier seasonal drying of forests leads to forest fires of increased frequency, size, and intensity. Loss of plants and trees on hillsides leaves them more vulnerable to erosion and landslides and may lead to an increased probability of property damage and loss of life. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-28763367726279277262019-11-21T22:40:00.001-08:002019-11-21T22:40:03.377-08:00Interventional MR systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsInterventional MR systems - Assignment Example The most critical challenges in using this technique have thus been discussed followed by a conclusion. Keywords: Interventional MR, iMRI, intraoperative MRI, MRI, Magnetic Resonance, Operating Room, imaging Table of Contents: Introduction 3 Definition and Classification 3 Classification 5 Safety Considerations 7 Advancements 8 Improved MR scanner 8 Interventional pulse sequencing and adaptive imaging 9 MR compatible instruments, tracking and visualisation 9 Augmented reality introduced in surgical system 11 Challenges 12 Conclusion 14 References 15 Introduction Magnetic resonance or MR techniques are extensively used in the medical world for imaging purpose. Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI is reliable, precise and detailed. Also, advanced MRI implementation can culminate at three dimensional or 3D view of a patientââ¬â¢s tissue system. Previous to the development of interventional MRI or iMRI, most of the existing medical imaging technologies were primarily used for the purpose of diagnostic processes. But MRI proves to be more reliable than even the most advanced technologies like computerised tomography or CT scan (Blanco Sequeiros et al 2005). Therefore, experts are now considering expanded intraoperative usage of MR technologies, and iMRI has become a prime area of research in this field. In this paper, iMRI is defined and classified in a detailed manner. Next, safety considerations are discussed. After that, important advancements in the field of iMRI are discussed. Contextually, challenges in the way of optimizing iMRI are detailed. The paper ends in a concise conclusion. The overall discussions in this paper are focussed on iMRI and the technology of magnetic resonance is elaborated wherever deemed necessary. Definition and Classification Initially, magnetic resonance imaging or MRI was utilised to find out and examine greater intricacies of tissue structure. The primary aim was to understand patient morphology with the help of case specific detail s in furtherance with increase in scientific knowledge. Through the 1990s, research in magnetic resonance instrumentation targeted at finding out new methods to acquire detailed images more rapidly at higher resolutions to harness greater intricacy in understand patient condition and tissue abnormalities. The basic principle of the function of a conventional MRI device is shown in Figure ââ¬â 1. (Coyne 2013; Brown and Semelke1999) Figure ââ¬â 1: Basic function of a conventional MRI system (Coyne 2013) So conventional MRI and Interventional MRI (may also be referred to as intraoperative MRI) or iMRI are completely different techniques although the basic technology behind them is the same. MRI is used in a largely stationary environment to meet diagnostic aims. But iMRI aims at not only examining but also treating the abnormal tissues diagnosed or discovered during an operative procedure. Furthermore, iMRI can both guide and improve the treatment process, including procedures in an operation room (OR). (Blanco Sequeiros et al 2005; Lufkin, Gronemeyer, and Seibel 1997) Hushek et al (2008) state that iMRI applications have facilitated development of various improved ancillary devices and techniques that have enriched medical technology and biophysics holistically. For example, continuous research in the field of iMRI led to the invention of advanced pulse sequencing to establish a rapid imaging system with the help of an MR scanner. Furthermore, iMRI lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-28317434019319751022019-11-20T17:58:00.001-08:002019-11-20T17:58:04.187-08:00Computer technology advancement in Forensic science EssayComputer technology advancement in Forensic science - Essay Example The system was great for its time. System worked well. The image was not of best quality it worked, better then the old Identity kit. Nothing compares to a good forensic composite artist who can draw the image by hand. However, for those of us who aren't so talented with that medium, the computer and software became our medium and the results were excellent. Computer industry changed. The VISATEX program was in the DOS environment, everything was changing to a graphical environment, Windows. The costs of computers were dropping fast, the programs were cheaper and a lot of those in the industry just couldn't keep up with the changing technology, a financial drain. The "newer" composite programs were using a lot more memory, hard drive space and required better printers. When law enforcement finally caught up to the modern computer world the new composite programs matched the current computers capability. This is where we are today. Several composite programs are offering their composi te images in 16 bit, soon to change to 32 bit images. They are now photo quality, some are even in full color! Computer programs are available for sketching crime scenes and blood spatters by inputting certain measurements associated with the scene and the individual spatters. This blood spatter program will then calculate and draw the spatters' points of origin. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-1475592923896675882019-11-18T18:17:00.001-08:002019-11-18T18:17:03.313-08:00Journey of life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsJourney of life - Essay Example Another family tradition that has been very important in my family is the weekly prayers and lunch, every Friday, we would get together and share a meal after our prayers, and this helped us understand the importance of family and spirituality. Religious Events As a Muslim, each year we have the Ramadan, this is the time we take to fast and pray, we do not eat after sunrise and after sunset we are allowed to partake in our meals. This event has taught me that one cannot be a slave to food or the desires of his body and that the spiritual life is crucial. We also have the Eid Alfeter and Eid Aladha in our calendars in addition to Alhaj when we go the Mekkah in December for one week to worship Allah; it is a time of rejuvenation for our spiritual life, this seems to echo the sociocultural theory that children master activities and add value to them just as we do with our spiritual life. Academic Events I have been very fortunate in life to have two graduations, one from college and the other from the English program and in both events my family was there to celebrate with me, they were some of my proudest moments in life. I knew that I had achieved a major milestone as is expected in my journey through life and as an interpretation of the sociocultural theory which includes learning as part of cognitive development. Having my family to be a part of it showed me that family always rejoices with one in good and in bad times. This achievement was a step into the adult life because I was now walking into the world to fend for myself and not rely on my family as I always had. Career Events After school, I got a job with a company and to celebrate, I invited my colleagues for dinner, this was a way to form a relationship with them while at the same time celebrate the blessings in my life. After a while I moved jobs and took another one as a high school teacher, this was necessary as in life one cannot stagnate in the same position, growth is expected and is a way of sh owing positive development, it is one of the steps to self actualization Relationship Events My wedding day was one of the happiest days in my life, after an year of engagement to my fiance I was happy to be taking this major step, this was the only romantic relationship I had had in my life in line with the psychosocial development theory, intimacy as compared to isolation became important in my life. Taking the marriage step was a bold move on my side, despite it being the norm, there were times I was not sure if I would make a good husband but after evaluating myself I decided that I was ready and I would become better each step of the way as we guide each other, my wife and I. Challenging Events Coming the United States was not just exciting but challenging as well, I was overwhelmed and culture shock hit me hard, I did not know how o speak English and it being the main language I knew I had a long road ahead of me. As the social cognitive theory states that people observe and a t times take up the behaviour of others, I took up the challenge and decided that I would master the language come rain or shine and I am happy that my determination bore fruits as I can now effectively communicate in English. Looking back at all the events in my lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-17885819814549742019-11-16T06:50:00.001-08:002019-11-16T06:50:10.126-08:00Malaria Mosquito Borne Infectious Disease Biology EssayMalaria Mosquito Borne Infectious Disease Biology Essay Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasites of the genus plasmodium. It begins with a bite from an infected female mosquito (more than 30 anopheline species), which introduces the parasite via its saliva into the circulatory system, and ultimately to the liver where they mature and reproduce. The disease causes symptoms that typically include fever, chills and headache, which in severe cases can progress to coma or death. Malaria is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions in a broad band around the equator, including much of Sub Saharan Africa, asia and the Americas. There are five species of parasites of the genus Plasmodium that affect humans and of which only 3 species are found in India. These are Plasmodium malariae (Laveran, 1881), Plasmodium vivax (Grassi and Feletti, 1890), Plasmodium falciparum (Welch, 1897), Plasmodium ovale (Stephens, 1922) and Plasmodium knowlesi (Robert Knowels, 1932). Malaria due to P. falciparum is the most deadly, and it predominates in Africa. P. vivax is less dangerous but more widespread, and the other species are found much less frequently. P. knowlesi is the fifth major human malaria parasite (following the division of plasmodium ovale into 2 species). This is an emerging infection that was reported for the first time in humans in 1965 and it accounts for up to 70% of malaria cases in certain areas in South East Asia where it is mostly found. HISTORY Malaria has great impact on social and economic development of humans. Malaria was linked with poisonous vapours of swamps or stagnant water and named by the Italians in the 18th century as Malaria (from the Italian mala bad and aria air). In the fifth century B.C., the greek physician Hippocrates described the clinical manifestations and some of the complications of Malaria. The first major breakthrough in understanding the etiology of the disease was in 1880, when Laveran, a French army surgeon in Algeria, described exflagellated gametocytes of Plasmodium falciparum in a fresh blood film from a patient with Malaria. It was only in 1897, that Ronald Ross, a British army surgeon in India, conclusively established the major features of the life cycle of plasmodia by a careful series of experiments in naturally infected sparrows. During the 20th Century, progress was made in vector control technology and in 1955 potent synthetic compound called DDT was found and along with other residual insecticides, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a worldwide program of malaria eradication. This ambitious program was hindered by the development of DDT resistance among vector and chloroquine resistance in some strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Soon it was accepted by the world that Malaria was here to stay and subsequently in 1978, the World health assembly changed its focus from eradication to control. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALARIA Global Scenario Based on documented cases, the WHO estimates that there were 216à million cases of malaria in 2010 resulting in 655,000 deaths. This is equivalent to roughly 2000 deaths every day. A 2012 study estimated the number of documented and undocumented deaths in 2010 as 1.24à million. An estimated 3.3 billion people were at risk of Malaria in 2010, although of all geographical regions, populations living in Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest risk of acquiring Malaria; in 2010, 81% of cases and 91% of deaths are estimated to have occurred in the WHO African region. The majority of cases (65%) occur in children under 15 years of age. Pregnant women are also especially vulnerable: about 125à million pregnant women are at risk of infection each year. In Sub-Saharan Africa, maternal malaria is associated with up to 200,000 estimated infant deaths yearly. There are about 10,000 malaria cases per year in Western Europe, and 1300-1500 in the United States. Both the global incidence of disease and resulting mortality has declined in recent years. According to the WHO, deaths attributable to malaria in 2010 were reduced by over a third from a 2000 estimate of 985,000, largely due to the widespread use of insecticide-treated nets and artemisinin-based combination therapies. Malaria is presently endemic in a broad band around the equator, in areas of the Americas, many parts of Asia, and much of Africa; however, it is in Sub-Saharan Africa where 85-90% of malaria fatalities occur. As of 2010, about 106 countries have endemic malaria. Every year, 125 million international travelers visit these countries, and more than 30,000 contract the disease. The geographic distribution of malaria within large regions is complex, and malaria-afflicted and malaria-free areas are often found close to each other. Malaria is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions because of rainfall, consistent high temperatures and high humidity, along with stagnant waters in which mosquito larvae readily mature, providing them with the environment they need for continuous breeding. Regional Scenario Out of the 11 countries of SEAR, 10 are malaria endemic. Maldives has no endogenous transmission since 1984. SEAR accounts for 30% of global morbidity and 8% of global mortality due to malaria. An estimated 82.8% of the total population is at risk and about 2.5 million cases are reported annually in the region. India contributes to more than three-fourths of the total cases in the South East Asian Region. Since 2004, there has been an increasing number of reports of the incidence of P. knowlesi among humans in various countries in South East Asia, including Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar and Indonesia. Country Scenario Malaria transmission occurs in almost all areas of India except areas above 1800 meters sea level. Countrys 95% population lives in malaria risk prone areas and 80% of malaria reported in the country is confined to areas consisting 20% of population i.e. residing in tribal, hilly, difficult and inaccessible areas. Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) has framed technical guidelines/ policies and provides most of the resources for the programme. The case load, around 2 million cases annually in the late nineties, has shown a declining trend since 2002. At low levels of surveillance, the Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) may be a better indicator. The SPR has shown gradual decline from 3.32 in 1995 to 1.41 in 2010 (3). The reported Pf cases declined from 1.14 million in 1995 to 0.77 million cases in 2010. However, the Pf % has gradually increased from 39% in 1995 to 52.12% in 2010. Number of reported deaths has been leveling around 1000 per year. Currently, 80.5% of the population of India lives in malaria risk areas. Since 1970s, in India, areas with an API above 2 cases per 1000 population per year have been classified as high risk and thereby eligible for vector control. The current situation of Malaria in India is shown in Fig 6.1. Malaria in India is unevenly distributed with a risk of increase in cases in epidemic forms every 7-10 yrs depending on the immune status of the population, breeding potential of the mosquitoes and the rainfall pattern. In North-East states efficient malaria transmission is maintained during most months of the year. Intermediate level of stability is maintained in the plains of India in the forests and forest fringes, predominantly tribal settlements in 8 states (AP, Gujarat, Jharkhand, MP, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Rajasthan). The largest number of cases in the country is reported in Orissa, followed by Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat and Rajasthan. The largest numbers of deaths are reported in Orissa, followed by West Bengal, Assam, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Karnataka, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh Fig 6.2. Annually about 100 million fever cases are being screened by blood smears. There are 3.12 lakh Drug Distribution Centers, 1.17 lakh Fever Treatment Depots and 13 thousand Malaria Clinics functioning in the country. IMPORTANT TIMELINE 1947: At the time of independence, malaria was responsible for an estimated 75 million cases and 0.8 million deaths annually. 1953: National Malaria Control Programme was launched. 1958: With its overwhelming success, GOI launched National Malaria Eradication Programme. 1965-66: Due to concerted implementation of strategies, particularly spraying with DDT, the number of annual cases was successfully brought down to 100,000 and deaths were eliminated. 1971: Since the resurgence of malaria in early 1970s, urban malaria has been recognised as an important problem contributing to overall malaria morbidity in the country. To assist the states in control of malaria in urban areas, Urban Malaria Scheme (UMS) was launched in 1971. The scheme is being implemented in 131 towns in the country. Urban malaria poses problems because of haphazard expansion of urban areas. The urban malaria vector, An. stephensi breeds in stored water and domestic containers. Construction activities and aggregation of labour provide ideal opportunities for vector to breed and transmit malaria in urban areas. 1976: However, in the following years, the Programme faced various technical obstacles as well as financial and administrative constraints, which led to countrywide increase in malaria incidence to 6.47 million cases. 1977: Modified Plan of Operation (MPO) under NMEP was launched as a contingency plan to effectively control malaria by preventing deaths, reducing morbidity so as to improve the health status of the people. With the adoption of the MPO strategy, the total malaria cases decreased significantly. Presently, about 2 million cases are being reported in the country annually, about half of which are P. falciparum cases. 1982: The National Anti-malaria Drug Policy was drafted in 1982 to combat the increasing level of resistance to chloroquine detected in Pf. 1997: The name of the programme was changed to National Anti Malaria Programme. Enhanced Malaria Control Project (EMCP) was launched in April 1997 with the assistance of the World Bank. This is directly benefiting the six crore Tribal Population of the eight peninsular states covering 100 districts and 19 urban areas. 2003: National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme was envisaged as an umbrella programme for prevention and control of Malaria and other vector borne diseases such as Filariasis, Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis and Kala-azar. 2008: the global malaria action plan (GMAP) was launched by the roll back malaria partnership (RBM) as a blueprint for the control, elimination and eventual eradication of malaria, setting as its objective the reduction of the number of preventable malaria deaths worldwide to near zero by 2015. 2010: The year 2010 was an important milestone on the way to achievement of internationally agreed goals and targets for malaria Control. It was the date set by the World Health Assembly in 2005 to ensure reduction of the malaria burden by at least 50% compared to the levels in 2000. The aim was to make indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINS) available to all people at risk of malaria, and for all public health facilities to be able to provide reliable diagnosis and effective treatment for malaria. 2011: In the light of progress made by 2010, RBM updated the GMAP targets in June 2011. Maintaining an overall vision of a malaria-free world, the targets are now to: (i) reduce global malaria deaths to near zero by end-2015, (ii) reduce global malaria cases by 75% from 2000 levels by end-2015, and (iii) eliminate malaria by end-2015 in 10 new countries since 2008, including in the WHO European Region. These targets will be met by: achieving and sustaining universal access to and utilization of preventive measures; achieving universal access to case management in the public and private sectors and in the areas where public health facilities are able to provide a parasitological test for all suspected malaria cases, near zero malaria deaths is defined as no more than 1 confirmed malaria death per 100,000 population at risk. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT Malaria affects everyday life of the afflicted persons and is one of the major causes of loss of income and absenteeism in schools. It is thus, directly linked with socio-economic development and referred to as both a disease of poverty and a cause of poverty. Economists believe that malaria is responsible for a growth penalty of up to 1.3 percent per year in some African countries. When compounded over the years, this penalty leads to substantial differences in GDP between countries with and without malaria and severely restrains the economic growth. The direct costs of malaria include a combination of personal and public expenditures on both prevention and treatment of the disease. The indirect costs of malaria include lost productivity or income associated with illness or premature death. Although difficult to express in financial terms, another indirect cost of malaria is the human suffering caused by the disease. J. A. Sinton estimated a loss of Rs.7, 500 million per year to the Indian economy on account of malaria in 1935. The Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad calculated that each rupee spent on the malaria programme since 1953-54 has brought in a benefit of Rs.9.27 to the nation. According to an estimate by MRC-ICMR, Delhi, in 1994, every rupee invested in malaria control produces a direct return of Rs. 22.10. The calculations do not include the hidden but large savings on account of the labour days, which is many times higher than that of the direct savings of an individual. In terms of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), malaria in India contributes to 1.86 million years. Among the females, DALYs lost were 0.786 million as against 1.074 million in the males. The maximum DALYs lost (53.25%) were in the middle productive ages from 15 to 44 years followed by children 45 years of age. Transmission dynamics of malaria A large number of factors related to Agent, Host, Vector and Environment have a role in determining the transmission dynamics. Host factors Age : All ages are equally affected. Children are usually effective carriers of gametocytes. In areas with high falciparum transmission, newborns will be protected during the first few months of life due to maternal antibodies transferred to them through the placenta. Gender : Gender does not affect the incidence or severity of malaria infection and disease per se, but because they are often related to frequency of exposure (via occupation, social behaviour, and migration). Innate Immunity : Some persons residing in highly malarious areas do not acquire infection. This may be due to innate immunity of the individual. Such immunity is mainly due to antibodies and T-lymphocytes specific for Plasmodium, which result in reduced illness despite infection. Blood group : There are other factors, which determine immunity against malaria. Genetic characteristics of the erythrocytes and presence of haemoglobinopathies usually confer some sort of protection against infection with malaria parasite. Individuals lacking in Duffy blood group antigen are refractory to P.vivax infection. This points to the fact that Duffy coating on the RBC wall may modify receptors in respect of P.vivax merozoites. Haemoglobin HbS sickle cell trait and Haemoglobin C have a protective effect against P.falciparum. Economic Status : Economic status is inversely related to incidence of malaria mainly because of poor housing. Ill ventilated and poorly lighted houses provide ideal resting places for mosquitoes. Migration : Large scale migration of population from one part of the country for sowing, transplanting and harvesting of crops results in spread of malaria. Tropical aggregation of labour is associated with malaria. The labour migrating from malarious to non-malarious areas bring immune and non-immune population together coupled with local and imported parasite reservoir at the site of temporary camps. Focal outbreaks can be explosive in such situations. They also bring different strains of malaria parasite to the project site including drug resistant strains. Environmental factors Weather: There are seasonal variations in mosquito density, resting, feeding and biting habits, longevity and flight capabilities. Malaria is therefore, seasonal in most parts of the country. In most of the states the maximum transmission is during the period July to November. Temperature and Humidity : Optimal conditions for malaria transmission occur when the temperature is between 20à °C and 30à °C and the mean relative humidity is at least 60%. Sporogony does not occur at temperatures below 16à °C or at temperatures higher than 33à °C. Water temperatures regulate the duration of the aquatic breeding cycle of the mosquito vector. A high relative humidity increases mosquito longevity and therefore increases the probability that an infected mosquito will survive long enough to become infective. The forest cover of an area keeps humidity levels at high level resulting in long survival of all vector mosquitoes. Altitude : Transmission decreases with increasing altitude and as a rule and it stops above the heights of 2000 m. Man made malaria : Construction of roads, railways, irrigation works, dams and barrages, deforestation and other engineering projects have resulted in creation of mosquito breeding place in many new areas. The proximity of human habitation to breeding sites directly influences vector human contact and, therefore, transmission. Agriculture and irrigation have an intricate role in malaria transmission. In areas where irrigation channels are not properly maintained, high vector mosquito density is observed. Temporary hutments in agriculture fields result in increased exposure to mosquitoes. Wells, overhead tanks, ornamental tanks, roof gutters, water storage containers, construction sites, room coolers, valve chambers etc. are important breeding places for A.stephensi. Use of disposable cups, bottles and other items, which can collect water, increase the risks of mosquito breeding. The slums within the town and its periphery are the worst affected areas because of lack of water managem ent and appropriate anti-larval operations. Agent factors Genus : The disease is caused by the haemoparasites of genus Plasmodium, family Plasmodiidae, suborder Haemosporidiidae, order Coccidia. Life cycle : The life cycle of the plasmodium occurs in two stages, the sexual cycle (sporogony) in the mosquitoes and asexual cycle (schizogony) in the human host. Within the vertebrate host, schizogony is found both within erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony) and in other tissues (exo erythrocytic schizogony). The development of asexual cycle in man, its duration and course of infection are determined by the genetic composition of the malaria parasite. Sporozoites (microscopic, motile forms of malarial parasite) are released into blood of the human host from the saliva of infected female mosquito when it bites him/ her. Within minutes, these attach to and invade liver cells by binding to hepatocyte receptor for the serum proteins thrombospondin and properdin. The sporozoites multiply in the hepatocytes and get released in batches from them in form of merozoites, which are the asexual, haploid forms. The human red blood cells contain sialic acid residues on the glycophorin molecules attached to their surface. The plasmodium merozoites attach to these sialic acid residues by a parasite lectin like molecule. In the RBCs, the parasites grow in a membrane bound digestive vacuole, hydrolyzing hemoglobin through secreting enzymes. This stage is called the trophozoite and contains a single chromatin mass. The next stage is the schizont (erythrocytic schizont) with multiple chromatin masses, each of which develops into a fresh merozoite. The schizont forms after about 48 hr of intra-erythrocytic life (72 hr for P. malariae) and is characterized by consumption of almost all the hemoglobin and occupation of most of the RBC cavity. The RBC ruptures and a new batch of merozoite is released from it, which infects other RBCs. This cycle repeats itself till the host immune mechanisms come into play. Some schizonts mature into sexual forms called the gametocytes that infect the mosquitoes when they take their blood meal. During the hepatic phase, a proportion of sporozoites do not devide but remain dormant for a period ranging from 3 weeks to a year longer before reproduction. These dormant forms are called hypnozoites and are the cause of relapses that occur in P. vivax and P. ovale. After being ingested in the blood meal of the biting female mosquito, the male and female gametocytes form a zygote in the insects gut wass. The resulting oocyst expands by asexual division until it bursts to release a myriad of motile sporozoites, which then migrate in the hemolymph to the salivary gland of the mosquito to await inoculation into other human at the next feeding episode. Parasite load : The parasite load and the gametocyte production are influenced by development of immunity in human host. The difference in parasitaemia levels observed in P.vivax and P.falcipatum are attributed to the fact that P.vivax tends to invade younger RBCs while the P.falciparum invades all RBCs irrespective of their age. Reservoir : The source of infection is a malaria case with adequate number of mature viable gametocytes circulating in the blood. It has been estimated that in order to infect a mosquito, the blood of a human carrier must contain at least 12 gametocytes per mm3 and the number of female gametocytes must be more than the male gametocytes. The human case of malaria becomes infective to mosquito when mature, viable gametocytes develop in the blood of the patient in sufficient density. Bionomics of malaria vectors There are many species of anopheline mosquitoes in India but only 6 are regarded as primary vectors and another 3 or 4 as secondary or local vectors. The following characteristics of vector mosquitoes play an important role in the epidemiology of malaria. Breeding Habits : The breeding habits of mosquitoes show a lot of variation. Hence, vector mosquitoes tend to be confined to certain geographical areas only. Anopheles sundaicus prefers to breed in brackish waters. The main urban vector Anopheles stephensi commonly breeds in wells, cisterns and over head tanks. Tanks, pools, burrow pits and ditches are the preferred breeding spots for Anopheles annularis and Anopheles philippinensis while Anopheles dirus is usually found breeding in forest pools, streams and slit trenches. A.culicifacies is the major vector of rural malaria. It breeds in different ground water collections. During the rainy season, breeding places are numerous. Hence the density is at its peak in the rainy season. The other major vectors are A.minimus and A.fluviatilis. They breed in running channels with clear water. Therefore the densities reach the peak after the monsoon season when streams and channels have slow moving clear water. Density : For effective transmission of malaria in a locality, the mosquito vector must attain and maintain a certain density. This is called critical density and it varies from one mosquito to another and also under different environmental conditions. Anopheles culicifacies needs a very high density for transmission of malaria. Longevity : A mosquito, after an infective blood meal, must live for at least 10 days to complete the development of malaria parasites. Tropism : Some mosquitoes like Anopheles fluviatilis, Anopheles minimus prefer human blood and are called anthropophilic. Others like Anopheles culicifacies preferably feed on animal blood and are called zoophilic. When the densities are high or when the man cattle ratio is higher, they feed on humans too. This preferential feeding habit is called tropism. It has obvious bearing on the transmission of malaria. Biting and resting behaviour : Some vector mosquitoes bite at or soon after dusk, others either during late night or early hours of the morning. However, some species may be active at two different periods during the same night. Control strategies should consider such habits of mosquitoes. Use of impregnated bed nets would definitely be more effective when there are late biters in that area. A female mosquito rests either indoors (endophilic) or outdoors (exophilic) after a blood meal for maturation of its eggs. The common resting places are either human dwellings, cattle sheds or mixed dwellings. Flight Range : The distribution and dispersal of vector species depend upon their flight range. This is important for tracing the source and planning control measures. Some have a short flight range e.g. Anopheles dirus, Anopheles annularis and Anopheles fluviatilis. The species with flight range upto Two km distance are Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles stephensi. Anopheles sundaicus may fly upto 8 or 10 km. MODE OF TRANSMISSION The most prevalent mode of Transmission of malaria is through the bite of the infected Female anopheles mosquito. The mosquito is infective only if the sporozoites are present in its salivary glands. However, malaria can also be transmitted by intravenous or intramuscular Injection of infected blood or plasma in an otherwise healthy person. The parasite can stay alive for nearly two weeks at 4à °c in bottled blood. Rarely transmission can also occur from Infected mother to the newborn. Malaria SURVEILLANCE Malaria surveillance connotes the maintenance of an on-going watch/ vigil over the status of malaria in a group or community. The main purpose of surveillance is to detect changes in trends or distribution in malaria in order to initiate investigative or control measures. 1. Fortnightly Domiciliary visits The active case detection is carried out by multipurpose health workers (male) under primary health care system by conducting active case detection every fortnight by making domiciliary visits. Technical justification for a fortnightly blood smear collection is based on transmission dynamics of malaria. The incubation interval in case of P.vivax is approximately 22 days while for P.falciparum it is 35 days. Thus, surveillance cycle of less than one incubation interval will catch most of the secondary cases before the commencement of next cycle. 2. Fever Treatment Depots (FTDs) Fever Treatment Depots are established in remote villages. The FTD holder is given training for one or two days at the PHC in the collection of blood smears, administration of presumptive treatment, impregnation of bed nets, promotion of larvivorous fish, etc. 3. Passive Case Detection (PCD) All Allopathic, Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Siddha medicine dispensaries in the health sector are identified and involved in passive case detection. All the fever cases attending the hospital should be screened for malaria and given presumptive treatment. 4. Rapid Fever Survey In case of an epidemic outbreak, every house of the village in the suspected epidemic zone is visited and all fever cases are screened by taking blood smears. 5. Mass survey As an alternative to Rapid Fever Survey, if possible mass survey of the entire population may be carried out in the suspected epidemic zone. Here all the population irrespective of age, sex or fever status is screened by taking blood smear. 6. Drug Distribution Centre (DDC) If it is not possible to have FTD, the medical officer should establish DDC. The functions of DDCs are the same as those of FTDs, except that the DDCs do not take blood slides but administer drugs to fever cases. 7. Annual blood smears examination rate and its validity All fever cases occurring in the community are examined for malaria parasite, and then the total malaria parasite load is examined. The monthly blood examination rate (MBER) norms are 0.8 percent during non-transmission season and 1.2 to 1.8 percent during transmission season were laid down in the Indian Malaria Eradication Programme. ABER = No. of blood smears collected during the year x 100 Population covered under surveillance MBER = No. of blood smears collected during the month x 100 Population covered under surveillance ABER/ MBER is an index of operational efficacy of the programme. The Annual Parasite Incidence (API) depends upon the ABER. A sufficient number of blood slides should be systematically obtained and examined for malaria parasite to work out accurate API. 8. Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) The Slide Positivity Rate among the blood smears collected through both active and passive surveillance gives more accurate information on distribution of malaria infection in the community over a period of time. Trends in SPR can be utilized for predicting epidemic situations in the area. If monthly SPR exceeds by 2 à ½ times of the standard deviation observed in SPR of the preceding 3 years or preceding 3 months of the same year, an epidemic build up in the area can be suspected. SPR : No. of blood smears found positive for malaria parasite X 100 No. of blood smears examined 9. Annual Parasite Incidence (API) This parameter measures the incidence of malaria. It is calculated as: API = No. blood smears found positive for malaria parasite x 1000 Total population under surveillance API can be utilized for assessing the malaria endemicity in the area and impact of control operations. The level of API determines whether spray should be taken up in any area. In only those areas with API more than 2, regular rounds of spray would be planned. API calcualtes incidence of malaria and based on this, areas are divided into high low risk zones. 10. P. falciparum Percentage This is calculated as: P.f % = No. blood smears found positive for P.falciparum x 100 à à à à No. blood smears found positive for malaria parasite Pf % is required to find out prevalence of P.falciparum infection, which can cause severe manifestations of malaria including death. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY P.vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae cause low level parasitemia, mild anaemia and in rare instances, splenic rupture and nephritic syndrome. P. Falciparum on the other hand usually cause high levels of parasitemis, severe anaemia, cerebral symptoms, renal failure, pulmonary edema and even death. Pathophysiology of malaria results from destruction of erythrocytes, the liberation of parasite and erythrocyte (Cytokines, Nitric Oxide etc) material into the circulation, and the host reaction to these events. P. falciparum malaria differs from the other human species of malaria parasite because infected erythrocytes also sequester in the microcirculation of vital organs, interfering with micro circulatory flow and host tissue metabolism, which results in severe organ damage. The P. falciparums greater pathogenicity is due to the following reasons: (a) It is able to infect red cells of any age and maturity, leading to high parasite burden and profound anaemia. (compared to that caused by other species which infect only the young or very old RBCs) (b) P. falciparum causes infected RBCs to clump together (forming rosettes) and to stick to the vascular endothelium (sequestration) blocking the blood flow. Ischemia due to poor perfusi lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1923003577214171817.post-42866034021105611572019-11-13T19:21:00.001-08:002019-11-13T19:21:03.141-08:00It Takes a Thief :: Short Stories Stealing Burglary EssaysIt Takes a Thief The thief moved slowly through the long stone hallway, not making a sound. He virtually clung to the grey walls, just another shadow in the dark. He paused for a moment, stretching every inch of his six foot frame, eyes and ears straining in the blackness. There it was again, the sound of sandaled feet echoing through the hall. Dropping down and touching the floor, he felt vibrations reverberating through the stone. And they were coming closer! He swore softly, and looked around quickly. Spotting a door, he hurriedly said a prayer to whatever god was willing to listen, and he stepped through it. He noted that he was in a large, empty candlelit room, but that was all he looked at for a moment. Breathing a sigh of relief, he wiped his brow and pushed back his shoulder length black hair, revealing a large, pointed ear. "You're getting to old for this Thronn," he whispered in the silence. Two hundred years. He was two hundred years old. That was really nothing but a pinch of salt in the life of an elf, but the constant pressures of his profession was starting to wear on him. Being a thief added a lot of stress to one's life. This job especially. Usually, he came out ahead, but not this time. His mouth quirked up in a cynical grin at the though of the mere two hundred gold that he was getting for this job. Raiding the castle of Lord Paraxel was not his idea of sane, not even his idea of insanity. But, he had needed the money at the time. He shook his head angrily and looked up. A lapse like that could easily cost him. Finally, his head clear, he scanned the room. It was bigger than he had originally thought and, he smiled, it was the very room he was looking for: the armory. Cabinets were in numerous places along the floor, and numerous weapons were hanging along the walls. Reaching into his belt pouch, he drew out a scroll that his employer had given him. He'd been told that when he was finished reading it, the weapon that glowed would be the one to take. He looked at the scroll with revulsion. He never had liked magic very much, even though he'd always had a way with it. Suddenly, with a flick of his wrist, a dagger appeared in his right hand. It Takes a Thief :: Short Stories Stealing Burglary Essays It Takes a Thief The thief moved slowly through the long stone hallway, not making a sound. He virtually clung to the grey walls, just another shadow in the dark. He paused for a moment, stretching every inch of his six foot frame, eyes and ears straining in the blackness. There it was again, the sound of sandaled feet echoing through the hall. Dropping down and touching the floor, he felt vibrations reverberating through the stone. And they were coming closer! He swore softly, and looked around quickly. Spotting a door, he hurriedly said a prayer to whatever god was willing to listen, and he stepped through it. He noted that he was in a large, empty candlelit room, but that was all he looked at for a moment. Breathing a sigh of relief, he wiped his brow and pushed back his shoulder length black hair, revealing a large, pointed ear. "You're getting to old for this Thronn," he whispered in the silence. Two hundred years. He was two hundred years old. That was really nothing but a pinch of salt in the life of an elf, but the constant pressures of his profession was starting to wear on him. Being a thief added a lot of stress to one's life. This job especially. Usually, he came out ahead, but not this time. His mouth quirked up in a cynical grin at the though of the mere two hundred gold that he was getting for this job. Raiding the castle of Lord Paraxel was not his idea of sane, not even his idea of insanity. But, he had needed the money at the time. He shook his head angrily and looked up. A lapse like that could easily cost him. Finally, his head clear, he scanned the room. It was bigger than he had originally thought and, he smiled, it was the very room he was looking for: the armory. Cabinets were in numerous places along the floor, and numerous weapons were hanging along the walls. Reaching into his belt pouch, he drew out a scroll that his employer had given him. He'd been told that when he was finished reading it, the weapon that glowed would be the one to take. He looked at the scroll with revulsion. He never had liked magic very much, even though he'd always had a way with it. Suddenly, with a flick of his wrist, a dagger appeared in his right hand. lauramiller1941http://www.blogger.com/profile/01004705993816375216noreply@blogger.com0